近代刑事訴訟理念與體制的形塑──民初大理院刑事程序判決再探

The formation of Modern Legal System and Conceptions of Criminal Procedure- Judgments on Criminal Procedure of Ta-Li- Yuan in the early Republic of China

黃源盛(Yuan-Sheng Huang)

《法制史研究》 18期 (2010/12) Pp. 171-238

摘要

傳統中國歷朝各代的審判制度雖有因革損益，但大體而言，其共通特點不外：司法與行政未明顯分隸、皇帝掌握最高審判權、身分等差的法定特權、民事刑事訴訟程序混同、審判不公開、刑訊拷問以及無辯護制度等，凡此制度，經過千餘年的相襲沿用，直迄清末，海禁開通，歐風東漸，保障人權之說日張，權利義務之界大明，在內外壓力的交錯相煎下，終於浮現前所未有的挑戰與變革。宣統三年辛亥之役，民國締造，專制政體一躍而為民主共和，一時之間，法制難以齊備，乃多所援用清季法令。本文首先釐清晚清以來刑事訴訟程序立法的制訂背景及其簡要內容。其次，置重心於大理院判決中刑事程序法實證的探討，並擷取民元以迄三年（1912-1914）大理院的判決原文，將該等判決中較具代表性與特殊性，且與訴訟法上原則性有關者，分類擇其要旨，加以箋釋，同時分析其所運用刑事程序法則的實態。最後，比較晚清以迄民國以來，近代歐西型刑事訴訟的理念如何導入古老的中國，又如何落實於具體的司法實踐中，藉以明其演進的軌跡與承轉的因果關係。

關鍵字

刑事訴訟 ； 大理院判決 ； 大清刑事訴訟律草案 ； 刑事程序法 ； 審判制度史

並列摘要

In traditional China, although different dynasties have different evolution of trial system, they still have some common points such as the mix of justice and administration、the emperor having the highest power of trial、privileges according to different identities、the combination of civil and criminal process、secret trial、torture and no counsels. The traditional trial system didn't change for thousands of years untill the period of the late Qing Dynasty. In that time, western culture became popular, and people started to think about human rights and obligations. So the trial system come to a critical crisis which was never shown in history before. After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, The republic of China was established, but the new system of law was not. So the law in Qing Dynasty was still used in that period. This article, first of all, will introduce the background of law making and its content. Secondly, basing on the cases of Ta-Li-Yuan between 1912 and 1914, it will discuss the criminal procedure law, analyzing the practice of the rule in criminal process. Finally, it will analyze how the modern western legal concepts of criminal trial be introduced to ancient China, and used in legal practice.

並列關鍵字

Criminal Process ； Judgments of Ta-Li-Yuan ； the Drafting of the Qing Criminal Procedure Law ； Criminal Procedure Law ； the History of Trial System