試探現代漢語「有+動詞謂語」隱現過程

The Disappearance and Reappearance of the ＂you + verb predicate＂ Construction in Modern Chinese

廖婕伃(Chieh-Yu Liao)

《臺大華語文教學研究》 4期 (2016/08) Pp. 145-186

https://doi.org/10.6664/NTUTCSL.2016.08.145.05

摘要

現代漢語以北方官話為基礎及標準，其中與「有」字相關之句法中，「有＋名詞」的結構才合乎標準語法，「有＋謂語」句則不合規範。然而，在臺灣及中國其他南方方言地區，新興一種普遍存在於口語甚至書面語之中的「有＋謂語」句：此新興語法由南向北滲透，在北方官話圈「有＋謂語」的語言表現的逐漸普及，可見這種新興語法能快速滲透漢語原有的語言架構。語法既然是語言歷史澱積而生的產物，非橫空出世，一種新興語法，若能於短時間內迅速普及漢語各方言區，一定有其內部語言因素作用。本文因篇幅所囿，僅就「有＋動詞謂語」結構，透過前人文獻及線上全文檢索語料庫／網站進行觀察，提出「有＋動詞謂語」三個時期的不同表現：（一）在上古北方漢語語法未定型時的模糊性；（二）元朝以降阿爾泰語言蒙語與北方漢語融合而出現「有」於句末的用例，以及因「沒」否定詞之崛起，「有」的使用範圍擴大；（三）當代南方方言「有字句」研究結果，討論「有＋動詞謂語」為何於現代流布迅速。最後得出「有＋動詞謂語」在現今之所以流布迅速，與上古時期可見之「有＋謂語」模糊用例較無關係，而是北方官話並未於語法中發展出「已然貌」此一時態；而「有」置於動詞前，可彌補此一空缺。

關鍵字

有+動詞謂語 ； 有字句 ； 句法演變 ； 新興語法 ； 語料庫研究

並列摘要

The ＂standard grammar＂ of ＂standard Chinese＂ is based on northern dialects of modern Chinese. In this standard grammar, the word you can only be used as a verb and followed by nouns. However, a new ＂you + verb predicate＂ construction which is ungrammatical by standard rules is now widely used in Modern Chinese-speaking regions. It is commonly believed that this construction appeared in the southern part of Chinese-speaking regions first then gradually influenced the north. Linguists know that no new grammar construction appears in a modern language without a historical basis, which means that all grammar patterns in a language have their own evolutionary developments. Furthermore, if a new construction can spread quickly and be accepted by Chinese-speakers naturally, it must have some external and internal motivation devices. This study consists of discoveries from previous studies and observations from the Academia Sinica Ancient Chinese Corpuses.We present three periods of ＂you + verb predicate＂: i) the vague semantic meanings of ancient Chinese you; ii) the influence from Altaic languages and the you-mei pair of middle ancient Chinese you; and iii) the different uses of you between northern and southern Chinese dialects in the present day. Examining ancient Chinese sentences with you indicates that the ancient semantics of you do not relate to the appearance of the new ＂you + verb predicate＂ construction since the ancient usage has disappeared. Rather, what directly influences the emergence of the new construction is the you-mei symmetry and the lack of realis aspect in northern Chinese dialects, for which southern Chinese dialects have used you to fill the vacancy.

並列關鍵字

you + verb predicate ； you sentence ； grammar evolution ； new grammar ； corpus studies

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