北朝講武探論

Martial spirit and activity in the Northern Dynasties

張文杰(Wen-chieh Chang)

《國防大學通識教育學報》 7期 (2017/06) Pp. 33-52

摘要

北魏講武的型態，包括馬射講武、都郊大閱及戰前治兵等；其中，戰前治兵旨在動員準備，馬射講武則為拓跋氏傳統草原講武的形式。至於都郊大閱則為北魏主要的講武型態，其內容除有吸納北俗的馬射、饗賜之儀，另見有作蒐狩以訓武，以大獮稱七月馬射，舉行時間在文成帝以後漸以秋令九月為常；此外，尚有拓跋嗣白登貙劉、拓跋濬軍儺耀威，凡此皆反映拓跋氏講武在草原慣習、中原古禮間適應與調整的趨向。又北魏日漸漢化的講武儀制為北齊所承，包括季秋大閱、歲終軍儺，而宇文氏雖準《周禮》定制四時講武，實際上仍循秦漢以來「三時不講」、以冬令大閱為則。

關鍵字

北朝 ； 講武 ； 軍事

並列摘要

Jiang-wu, also known as the Da-jiao, Iao-yue, Yue-wu, Yue-shi, refers to the ancient military training and parade activities aimed at showing the martial spirit of the country. The style of Jiang-wu in the Northern Wei Dynasty had Zhi-bing, MA-she, and Da-yue. Zhi-bing referred to the mobilization preparation before the war. MA-she was Tuo-ba traditional military training and parade activities. Da-yue of the ancient Chinese military parade ritual was main style of Jiang-wu in the Northern Wei regime, but its content was also integrated into MA-she of the Tuo-ba tradition custom. In addition, Tuo-ba also held other ancient Chinese military ritual, Such as Yu-liu and Da-nuo, reflected the content of Tuo-ba Jiang-wu adapted to the North Asian customs and Chinese ceremony. Later, the Northern Qi Dynasty inherited the gradually Sinicized ritual of Tuo-ba Jiang-wu, such as Da-yue in the autumn and Da-nuo in the end of the year. Although the Northern Zhou Dynasty in accordance with the ＂Zhou-li＂ system, in fact, the main type was Da-yue in the winter.

並列關鍵字

Northern Dynasties ； Martial spirit and activity ； Military affairs