「猴」在客家俚諺語中的意涵與意象

The implications and Images of the Monkeys in Hakka Sayings

劉明宗(Ming-Tsung Liu)

《屏東教育大學學報-人文社會類》 36期 (2011/03) Pp. 57-81

摘要

客家族群在早期歷次移徙過程中，多落戶於山嶺丘陵之地，致形成與山林、動物之密切關係。本文從客家的俗話、諺語著手，探討客家人對生活場域中經常出現的猴子之看法和評價；並透過這些與猴更關的客家俗話、諺語，為客家人眼中的猴作一客觀的定位。在客家俗話、諺語中，用以指稱猿猴的詞彙不算多，且其中多更「猴」字結合，而「猿」字則少見。其常見名稱更：單字詞「猴」；雙字詞「猴子」、「猴仔」、「猴牯」、「猴嫲」、「猴哥」、「山猻」、「猢猻」;或加小稱詞綴「仔」的三字詞，如「猴哥仔」、「山狗仔」、「山猴仔」、「猴山仔」、「孫猴仔」、「長尾仔」等。同一詞彙因其詞性或其後所加字詞之不同，會更不同的意思。客家俗話、諺語中更關猴子形象所代表的意涵，更直敘猴本身、描述猴的形貌、指陳猴的本性、用以喻人和用以形容事態等五種；其中最常見之「用以喻人」意象，又可區分為：象徵與人的親暱、貶抑或諷喻他人、稱讚他人、凸顯人的機靈和敏捷，還更其他等五種類別。研究發現：客家俗話、諺語中的猴意象，除少數作為親暱用法、表徵猴子形貌外，其餘多在輕蔑猴子性格，或以猴子比擬人類，作絕大部分負面之評價或揶揄、譏諷，甚而加以斥責或撻伐。總而言之，猴在客家族群眼中，並未獲得重視，甚或可說是遭到鄙視、取笑的。

關鍵字

客家 ； 俚諺語 ； 猴 ； 猴意象

並列摘要

Having migrated several times in ancient China, the Hakka people mainly settled on the hills, where they naturally developed a close relationship with the woods and animals. Based on Hakka sayings, this article tries to conduct a survey of the Hakka people's comments and evaluations about the monkeys, which often appear in their living surroundings, and to give an objective orientation to these animals by means of analyzing some related proverbs. In Hakka sayings, there are lots of expressions indicating the apes and monkeys. These expressions commonly appear in the forms of a single noun ＂monkey,＂ two-word compound nouns meaning macaques, or triple-word nouns containing a diminutive indicating the whelps. Consequently, a vocabulary with different characteristics or followed by different words bears different meanings. The images of the monkeys in Hakka sayings show in five fields: the statements about animals themselves, the description of their appearances, the accounts of their personalities, the analogy between animals and humans, and the application to describe other things. Most importantly, the analogy between animals and humans can be separated into five types: symbolizing human intimacy, depreciating or sarcastically disputing other people, praising other people, highlighting human wittiness and nimbleness, and other situation. According to the study, the images of the monkeys in Hakka sayings commonly show the depreciation of animals' personalities as well as the analogy between animals and human intimacy and in the description of animals' appearances. It seems obvious that these images reveal negative evaluation, scorn, irony, blame and even punishment. In short, the monkeys deserve no respect, being despised and ridiculed by Hakka people.

並列關鍵字

Hakka ； proverb/saying ； the images of the monkeys

參考文獻

王東(2007)。那方山水那方人：客家源流新說。上海:華東師範大學出版社。

丘桓興(2007)。客家人與客家文化。北京:商務印書館。

司馬遷(1983)。新校史記三家注。台北:世界書局。

朱熹集註(2000)。詩經集註。台北:萬卷樓圖書有限公司。

吳沃堯(2003)。二十年目睹之怪現狀。台北:台灣古籍出版有限公司。