公私領域間的文物蒐藏與博物館制度－以法國德內利博物館為例

本文旨在探討19世紀後期，法國政府將文物從私人蒐藏轉變為公共遺產，其過程所牽涉的價值判斷及篩選制度。此段時期不論從蒐藏史或博物館史的角度觀之，都有很多案例得以思考公私領域的蒐藏意義，和豐富的文獻資料得以探討相關的議題。文中首先分析19世紀法國博物館的發展與私人蒐藏捐贈國家致使風氣日盛的背景，其次說明當時私人蒐藏家的面貌、類型與面對政府的態度。本文所選取的案例是基於私人蒐藏的遺贈並於1908年開館的法國德內利博物館。文中將分析該館蒐藏的內容與其捐贈給法國政府的過程中所引發的討論，並相較於當時其他知名的蒐藏案例，進而從捐贈案例引發博物館制度與博物館價值所應思考的問題。

關鍵字

私人蒐藏；博物館制度；博物館價值；德內利博物館

並列摘要

This article explores late nineteenth-century France in order to investigate the value judgments and systems of selection involved in the process of shift from private collections to public heritage. It focuses mainly on this period because, whether viewed from the perspective of the history of museums or that of the history of collecting, this period is rich in examples and documentation of collecting in both the private and the public sectors. The article first analyzes the backdrop of museum development in nineteenth century France and the increasing prevalence of donations to the state from private collections. It then, by way of leading into the case which is its primary focus, describes the private collectors of the day, the various different categories into which they are classified, and their attitudes toward government. Next, the focus is on the case of the D'Ennery Museum, which opened in 1908 and was a bequest from a private collection. It analyzes the content of this museum's collection and the discussion aroused by its donations to the French government, while also comparing the collecting to other renowned collections of the day, in order to summarize the thinking that it inspired on the issues of museum institution and museum values.