博物館教育要「重展」還要「重藏」－基於五大自然史博物館「分眾化」教育初探

博物館作為一種社會教育機構，其不可取代的優勢是什麼，其最重要且最吸引人的資源是什麼？當博物館開展教育活動時，應如何發揮和利用這些優勢與資源？本文在對歐美自然史博物館的發展歷程及其教育活動進行概述的基礎上，擇取其中最大的5家自然史博物館，以其教育活動的一手資料作為研究材料，主要圍繞針對包括親子家庭、學生、教師和成人等4類教育活動，探討歐美博物館在實施這些教育活動時，如何彰顯其優勢與資源之對策，並輔以案例說明。實施對策的亮點在於，教育活動內容的開發始終立足於博物館特有的展藏資源，不僅「重展（展覽）」，還「重藏（藏品）」，同時有效發揮博物館人才及其環境優勢，不但滿足了觀眾的崇拜需求、教育需求，還滿足了觀眾的社交娛樂需求，從根本上激發了觀眾自由選擇學習的能動性，提高了博物館的公眾參與度，使得博物館的公共服務水準得以提昇，在教育複合體系中發揮出重要作用。

關鍵字

歐美自然史博物館；教育活動；展藏資源；對策

並列摘要

Museums are social education organizations. What are their irreplaceable advantages? Most importantly, what resources can they use to attract visitors? How can museums use these advantages and resources to develop educational programs? The aim of this paper is to discuss the focuses of natural history museums in Western countries on ＂exhibition function＂ and ＂collection function＂ in the implementation of educational programs. Based on a survey of the development histories and educational programs of five large natural history museums in Western countries, strategies for four types of educational programs, including those for parents, students, educators and adults, were analyzed. Based on the results, focuses on ＂exhibition function＂ and ＂collection function＂ allow these museums to take advantage of their talent and environment. In addition, they stimulate visitor initiative, increasing level of visitor participation, while meeting requirements for education, social interactions, entertainment and worship in a rather informal way, in contrast with traditional classroom education.