田山花袋小說中的殖民地樺太與台灣的再現－以〈阿留夏〉〈真岡〉與〈山中巡查〉為例

Representations of Colonial Karafuto and Taiwan in three Novels of Tayama Katai: Aryuusya, Mauka, and Yama no Junsatachi

劉淑如(Liu, Shuju)

《高大人文學報》 1期 (2016/06) Pp. 155-182

https://doi.org/10.6648/NUKJH.2016.0107

摘要

本文以東亞區域為平台，透過日本作家田山花袋的三篇小說〈阿留夏〉〈真岡〉〈山中巡查〉，就日俄戰爭後的樺太、西來庵事件後的台灣這兩大主題，比較考察田山對這兩個日本殖民地的文學再現之時代意義。這三篇小說，均取材自柳田國男以官方的身份前往日本殖民地樺太（〈阿留夏〉〈真岡〉）與台灣（〈山中巡查〉）視察的見聞談。其中樺太小說又與田山的日俄戰爭參戰經驗高度相關。透過本文的考察，除了可看出小說群與時局以及殖民地主義的高度關聯；更可窺知其中不但存在著強烈的種族、階級與性別上的排他性，他者的內部更有非先住民族（俄國人、台灣漢人）遠遠優於先住民族（愛努族、台灣原住民族）的位階優劣之分。就日本文學的角度而言，本文針對樺太小說的考察，有助於探究做為日本自然主義文學始祖的田山花袋，其在日本自然主義文學的濫觴〈棉被〉發表前的創作軌跡。亦即，樺太小說與〈棉被〉之間儘管從題材來源等角度觀之似無連續性；但就日俄戰後的大時代背景，以及田山的個人經驗與其深受西方文學影響等角度思考，則仍可明顯看出二者之間的相關性。另外，就日本人的台灣原住民書寫而言，本文指出，〈山中巡查〉雖可納入早期日本人野蠻化台灣原住民的書寫系譜中；但就題材而言，其卻可能是目前所知當時日本「內地」首篇真正處理台灣原住民與日本警察之間男女關係的小說。

關鍵字

樺太 ； 台灣 ； 〈阿留夏〉 ； 〈真岡〉 ； 〈山中巡查〉

並列摘要

Using East Asia as a vantage point, this paper examines three novels by Tayama Katai: Aryuusya, Mauka, and Yama no Junsatachi (Mountain Patrolmen). I compare the historical significance of Tayama's literary representations of two Japanese colonial locations and periods–Karafuto (Sakhalin Island) after the Russo-Japanese War and Taiwan after the Tapani (Xilai Temple) Incident. These three novels all draw on materials taken from Yanagita Kunio's official inspection tours of Karafuto (Aryuusya and Mauka) and Taiwan (Yama no Junsatachi). The Karafuto novels are also largely based on Tayama's personal experience in the Russo-Japanese War. This paper suggests that in addition to the close connection that is evident in this group of novels between the political situation at the time and colonialism, the narratives reveal the existence of not only strong race, class, and gender discrimination, but also colonial hierarchies in which the status of non-indigenous peoples (the Russians, the Han Chinese in Taiwan) far surpass those of the indigenous people (the Ainu, the Taiwanese aborigines). With regard to Japanese literature, this paper's main contribution is its in-depth study of Tayama Katai, the founder of Japanese literary naturalism, especially the trajectory from the Karafuto novels to the publication of Tayama's Futon (Quilt), the foundational work of the genre. Though it may seem there is no connection between Japanese literary naturalism and Tayama's earlier material, given the general background of the postwar period, Tayama's personal experiences, and the deep influence western literature exerted on him, we can still clearly identify a relationship between the two. Furthermore, with regard to Japanese writings on Taiwanese aborigines, this paper argues that although Yama no Junsatachi can be considered as an early example of the Japanese dehumanization of Taiwanese aborigines, in terms of its subject matter, it can also be read as the first ＂domestic＂ Japanese novel to deal genuinely with intimate relationships between Taiwanese aborigines and Japanese police officers.

並列關鍵字

Karafuto ； Taiwan ； Aryuusya ； Mauka ； Yama no Junsatachi