為改善都市熱島效應之台灣都市公園空間型態研究－以嘉義市公園為例

A Study on the Space Pattern of Urban Park in Taiwan for Improving Heat Island Effect -A case study in the parks of Chiayi City

黃柔嫚(Jou-Man Huang) ； 洪崧連(Song-Lian Hong)

《造園景觀學報》 23卷3期 (2019/09) Pp. 19-50

摘要

熱島效應是目前都市普遍存在且嚴重之環境問題。已有許多研究證明都市公園具有降溫都市之「冷島效應」（UCI），但亦有部分研究指出公園綠地型態之不同亦可能不具降溫效果。本研究採用影像處理方式與實地調查，針對嘉義市現有都市公園分析形狀、內部土地覆蓋型態、配置與周圍土地使用狀況，並以CFD軟體進行其熱環境數值模擬，以解析各類型公園空間型態之熱環境問題。在嘉義市公園空間型態分析結果方面：公園多以四邊形為主，林地空間以四周型、偏向型配置居多，且建物與水體的設置不多；而公園周圍土地使用則以住宅、商業區居多。在各典型公園型態之熱環境數值模擬結果方面：（1）公園內林地因具有樹冠遮蔽、蒸散等機制，其降溫效果比草地明顯；且都會型公園中四周型林地較零散型林地更具有降溫效果；（2）活動空間（如廣場等空間）若以上、下風處進行配置替換，對熱環境造成之影響較非順風向之配置替換大（3）全方案公園14時之熱舒適度皆屬於溫暖以上之熱感受，僅林地區舒適度較低可進入舒適程度；17時後公園整體熱舒適度才開始進入舒適狀態。在改善方案評估結果方面：將林地配置於鄰接鋪面下風處、將公園內停車場改為草地或林地、將廣場改為水體空間等策略，皆對現有公園配置之熱環境具明顯改善效果。

關鍵字

都市氣候 ； 都市冷島 ； 公園設計 ； CFD ； ENVI-met ； 熱舒適度

並列摘要

The urban heat island effect is a serious environmental problem in current cities. Recently, there has been many researches proved urban parks have the ＂urban cold island effect＂(UCI), but there are also a few researches indicated that it may not have cooling effects due to different green space types. In this study, the field survey and image processing were used to analyze the internal land-cover type, arrangements in park and land-use type surrounding parks in Chiayi City. To analyze how various typical space pattern of park effect thermal environment, the CFD was used for numerical simulation. In the space pattern analysis results in parks of Chiayi City ： The parks are mostly quadrilaterals, the woodland spaces are mostly arranged in rim or deflection, and buildings and water bodies are few. The land-use type surrounding parks are mostly residential or business districts. In numerical simulation results of thermal environments in various typical parks: (1) The cooling effect in woodland of parks is obvious than in grassland due to trees canopy cover and evapotranspiration. Moreover, the woodland arranged in rim had more cooling effect compared to the dispersal woodlands. (2) The activity space (such as a square) arrangements replaced in downwind direction have more effects on the thermal environment than in non-downwind direction. (3)The thermal comfort levels of all schemes at 2:00 PM were all above the warmth and only in the woodland the values were belong to comfort level. After 5:00 PM, the overall thermal comfort levels of all schemes began to belong to comfort level. In the evaluation results of improvement plan：The strategies of arranging woodland at downwind of pavements, replacing the parking area by grassland or woodland, and replacing squares by water bodies all had obvious improvement effects on the existing park thermal environment.

並列關鍵字

Urban Climate ； Urban cool islands ； Park design ； CFD ； ENVI-met ； Thermal comfort

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