傳統與調適：臺南靈寶道壇的歷史與田野芻探

臺南靈寶道壇在臺灣知名度與影響力甚大，但學者目光多集中於府城內，其他重要道壇常被忽略，所以本文企圖從傳統道壇普查，建構出其基礎面貌與變化。從三個面向理解道壇概況與歷史變遷，首先為行業圈與重要道壇的教授傳衍，建構重要道壇分布與傳承體系，並理解在不同時代中，如何傳衍與擴展勢力，以及面對現代社會，因為人際、社群網路等因素，打破行業圈後，重新適應新行業生態。另科儀演法與變遷，從內部交互影響與面對社會變遷，因現代生活型態，造成小法事與功德科儀型態改變與減少，而需要調整儀式與經營型態；也談及各時代知名高功與道壇對臺灣道教的相關影響。最後從道法傳承與奏職相關制度，討論道士學習與取得道眾及社會認同的方式，與「傳親」及「遠傳」的傳統授徒策略和結盟體系，以及道壇如何因應現代社會的調適。

關鍵字

行業圈；道壇系譜；道法傳承；儀式變遷；湖街法

並列摘要

The Lingbao Daoist altars of Tainan are incredibly well-known and influential in Taiwan, but scholars have primarily focused on those within the city, often neglecting other important altars beyond. Thus, this paper presents a general survey of Daoist altars in the Tainan area in an attempt to establish their basic features and the variations among them. We can understand the general conditions and historical changes of these altars from three perspectives. First, examining the transmission and spread of teachings among Daoist professional groups and important altars, as well as the distribution of these altars and their systems of transmission during different time periods, allows us to see how the power and influence of particular altars expanded and how they confronted modern society. Because of personal relationships and social networks, the altars have been able to adapt to new professional environments after breaking beyond the bounds of particular professional groups. Second, by exploring liturgical performances and the changes made to them, those brought about through both the interplay of internal forces and as a response to external social changes, we can understand how Daoists instituted changes to the forms of minor rites and merit rituals, while also cutting back on their performance, in efforts to better answer the patterns of modern life. In addition, we better grasp the altars’ need to revise their rituals and modes of operation. The discussion also entails a consideration of well-known Daoist priests (gaogong 高功, lit. "[Masters] of High Merit") and their altars throughout different generations that influenced Daoism in Taiwan. Finally, from the perspectives of transmitting ritual methods and bestowing ritual office through ordination (zouzhi 奏職), two interrelated systems, we can discuss several aspects concerning Daoist priests and altars: their methods of study; the ways they garner the recognition of other Daoists and society; "intimate" and "distant transmission" (chuanqin 傳親 and yuanqin 遠傳), two traditional strategies of transmission; systems for forming alliances; and how they respond accordingly to the changes of modern society.