漢代爵位制度試釋－下編　關内侯以下十九等爵制度試釋

The appenage was separate from the system of nobility in Han Dynasty. An emperor might grant appenages to anyone he liked, so that a person could possess an appenage even though he had not any title of nobility. The lower nineteen classes of ＂chüeh＂ -- that is, except, the uppermost class ＂lien hou＂ -- were not necessarilly accompanied with appenages. Generally speaking, ＂kuan nei hou＂, the nineteenth class of ＂chüeh＂, would not be granted with appenages, but there were some who possessed the title of ＂kuan nei hou＂ with the appenage. ＂Kuan nei hou＂, unlike the meaning which the title suggests, were distributed all over the empire; their title and their appenage, if they possessed, one might be bequeathed to their son too. For financial reason, the Han government sold titles of ＂chüeh＂ to male citizens, and for political convenience as well as showing the power of the emperor, the emperor bestowed the title of ＂chüeh＂ on all male citizens of the empire on special occasions such as the coming to the throne of the new emperor or the appointment of the ＂successor＂. As a result, almost all male citizens held titles of ＂chüeh＂. A study of the system of nobility is helpful to understand the economy, the local administration, and the society of the Han dynasty.

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