從國際法檢視中國大陸軍艦與軍事航空器繞臺行為之部分法律議題

An Examination on Certain Legal Issues Arising from China's Military Activities Surrounding the Waters and Superjacent Airspace of Taiwan in the Eyes of International Law

姜皇池(Chiang, Huang-Chih)

《軍法專刊》 65卷2期 (2019/04) Pp. 30-74

摘要

中國大陸軍艦在臺灣周邊的航行路線以及軍事航空器飛越路線，引起各界顧慮。臺灣基於國家安全因素，早劃有「臺灣防空識別區」，尤其兩岸特殊關係，不可能無視中國大陸軍艦與航空器任何接近臺灣舉止，本文檢視中國大陸此等行為的部分法律問題，以及臺灣是否可採取相對應措施。本文認為：因臺灣海峽非屬適用過境通行制度之海峽，故臺灣在領海部分享有主權，對進行情報蒐集且非屬無害通過之軍艦，得根據具體的狀況採取適當反制措施。在臺灣領空部分，無義務容忍他國航空器飛行，對於威脅程度較高且拒絕離開的軍用航空器，得以使用武力排除。而專屬經濟區水域及其上空部分，在西方學界通論認為在未涉及使用武力之前提下，外國軍艦或軍用航空器在沿海國專屬經濟區的軍事行動，屬於得合法行使之自由，故而中國大陸有權利在臺灣的專屬經濟區與其上空進行軍事活動。此外，臺灣雖在領海外設有防空識別區，然此並非將外國航空器置於該區管轄，而是以「自衛權」為法源基礎，將防空識別區作為判斷是否危害國防安全的標準，並進一步決定是否行使自衛權。若未涉及使用武力，國際法並未限制沿海國得採行之措施；若涉及使用武力，須視對沿海國重要利益造成之危害大小，以及是否有其他可使用且有效之非武力措施而為判斷。

關鍵字

專屬經濟區 ； 航行自由 ； 飛越自由 ； 防空識別區 ； 軍事活動 ； 飛航情報區

並列摘要

By encircling Taiwan, the navigation of Chinese warships and overflights of Chinese military aircraft pose major concerns. Taiwan would never ignore any operation of Chinese warships and military aircraft near Taiwan, not only because it has long established the Taiwan Air Defense Identification Zone (＂Taiwan ADIZ＂) for matters of national security, but in particular, the sui generis nature of cross-strait relations. Against this backdrop, this article examines some legal issues arising from China's acts and the legality of measures taken by Taiwan accordingly. This article concludes as follows. While the regime of transit passage does not apply to the Taiwan Strait, Taiwan enjoys sovereignty over its territorial sea. Hence, Taiwan is entitled to respond appropriately against foreign warships conducting intelligence gathering, which does not enjoy the right of innocent passage. Further, Taiwan is not obligated to tolerate unauthorized foreign aircrafts entering its national airspace. Thus, it may use armed force against such military aircraft, when it presents high level of threats and refuses to leave. As far as the exclusive economic zone (＂EEZ＂) and the airspace over it are concerned, the predominated view of western scholars argues that military operations of foreign warships or military aircraft are internationally lawful uses of the sea, provided they do not involve the use of force. Therefore, China is entitled to conduct military activities in Taiwan's EEZ and airspace above it. Moreover, Taiwan does not intend to exercise jurisdiction over every foreign aircraft entering its ADIZ, which extends beyond the national airspace. Instead, the Taiwan ADIZ serves as a benchmark for Taiwan to determine dangers to national security and a criterion to exercise the right to self-defense. International law imposes no limitation on actions taken by coastal States in exercising the right to self-defense, so long as these actions do not constitute use of force. On the other hand, the legality of use of force by coastal States is conditioned upon the magnitude of endangered vital interests and the availability of effective and feasible alternatives, which do not involve the use of force.

並列關鍵字

Exclusive Economic Zone ； Freedom of Navigation ； Freedom of Overflight ； Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) ； military activities ； Flight Informa-

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