犯罪集中性現象與集中性理論之探討

The Concentration of Crime and Its Theoretical Interpretations

許春金(Sheu, Chuen-Jim) ； 呂宜芬(Lu, Yi-Fen) ； 游伊君(Yu, Yi-Chun)

《軍法專刊》 67卷3期 (2021/06) Pp. 1-36

摘要

儘管犯罪學研究很早就發現了犯罪人集中的現象，而有不同的名稱（如：習慣犯、慢性犯、持續犯、核心犯罪者及生涯犯等），且日後的犯罪集中性研究有很大的進展與開拓，但系統性的理解及綜合文獻仍有待努力。本文因此整理、探討三大類型的犯罪集中性，包括：犯罪人集中性、被害人集中性及犯罪地點集中性等，並分別闡述可用以解釋犯罪集中性的犯罪理論觀點。本文發現，無論哪一類型的犯罪集中性，其實證基礎堅強，用以解釋犯罪人集中性及犯罪地點集中性等之理論觀點有較良好的發展，且對犯罪預防產生良好影響，但有關被害人集中性之解釋觀點則仍有待開發或實證檢視，以成為良好的重複被害預防與防治政策之基礎。本文結論認為，立基於理論基礎的政策應有較高效度，而整理分析實證現象與犯罪原因則為審視良好政策的根本要件。

關鍵字

犯罪集中性 ； 生涯犯罪人 ； 人口異質理論 ； 狀態依賴理論

並列摘要

Despites of the early-found evidence of criminal concentration as in different names (e.g., habitual offenders, persistent offenders, hard-core criminals, and career criminals) and the further great research development, systematic understanding and literature scrutiny still need additional work. This paper aimed to summarize and explore three main types of crime concentration, including the concentration of criminals, victims, and places. The associated criminological propositions were also applied. It is found that empirical evidence for each type of crime concentration is robust; however, the theoretical interpretation of victim concentration is somewhat underdeveloped. Policies should be based on theoretical foundations, and understanding practical phenomena and the etiology of crime is a primary prerequisite for examining good policies.

並列關鍵字

Crime Concentration ； Career Criminals ； Population Heterogeneity ； State Dependence

參考文獻

Martinez, N. N., Lee, Y., Eck, J. E., & O, S. (2017). Ravenous wolves revisited: a systematic review of offending concentration. Crime Science, 6, 10. DOI 10.1186/s40163-017-0072-2

O, S.-H., Martinez, N. N., Lee, Y. & Eck, J. E. (2017). How concentrated is crime among victims? A systematic review from 1977 to 2014. Crime Science, 6, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-017-0071-3

Tanksley, P. T., Barnes, J. C., Boutwell, B. B., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H. L., & Moffitt, T. E. (2020). Identifying psychological pathways to polyvictimization: Evidence from a longitudinal cohort study of twins from the UK. Journal of Experimental Criminology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09422-1

Lee, Y., Eck, E. J., O, S., & Martinez, N. N. (2017). How concentrated is crime at places? A systematic review from 1970 to 2015. Crime Science, 6, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-017-0069-x

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