唐代太原西北通單于督護府及河上三城道

The Route from T'ai Yüan North w e s t to Chan-yu Tu-hu-fu and the Three Cities along the Yellow River during the T'ang Dynasty

嚴耕望(Yen Keng-wang)

《中國文化研究所學報》 10卷上 (1979/01) Pp. 43-58+i-ii+59-62

https://doi.org/10.29708/JCS.CUHK.197901_10(1).0003

並列摘要

Tai Yüan had been the pivot of communication as well as strategic post of North China throughout Chinese history. It special status became even more obvious when it was made the Northern Capital by T'ang government. During the T'ang dynasty the powerful neighbor in the north was the Uigur whose capital was in what is today Kharabalgasun 黑城子on the left bank of the Orkhon River 鄂爾渾河in Outer Mongolia. The main communication route from the Uigur to T'ang China went from Kharabalgasun southeastward to P'i-t'i-ch'Uan 鸊鵜泉，a distance of 1,500 Ii, then turned southward to Hsi Shou-hsiang-ch'eng 西受降城(on the northwest bank of the Wu-chia River 五加河，the old course of the Yellow River) through Kao-ch'üeh 高闕(lat. 41°20' N., long. 107°25' E.) for 300 Ii. From Hsi Shou-hsiang-ch'eng, it went straight southward to Ch'ang An by way of Ling-chou 靈州, the present Ling-wu 靈武, a total distance of 2,100 Ii; alternately it went eastward through Chan-yü Tu-hu-fu 單于都護府, 30-40 Ii southwest of the Huhehot City nowadays, and then turned southeast to Yen-men-kuan 雁門關, Tai Yüan Fu, the present Chin-yüan 晉源, and finally southwestward to Ch'ang An, a distance of about 3,000 Ii altogether. And thus Ling-chou and T'ai were two key points in the main communication line between the T'ang and the Uigur. They were also two strategic posts for the defence of the T'ang Empire against the Uigurians and other northern barbarians. The route by way of Ling-chou was the shorter one. However, there are deserts in the north and the Heng Mountains 橫山in the south and along the whole route, it was desolate and the population was scarce. By contrast, the route by way of T'ai YUan was flat, and passed through more prosperous and populous areas. As a result, the T' ai Yuan route was already more flourishing than those of the Ling-Chou route even during the early T'ang dynasty. After the rebellion of An Lu-shan and Shih Ssu-ming, areas in the north and south of Ling-Chou were constantly invaded by the Tibetians, and the route through T'ai Yüan became the only communication line between the T'ang and the Uigur. Diplomatic missions and traders used this route. This article attempts to explain the above-mentioned points, as well as examine and describe the conditions along the route from the area south of Kao-ch'üeh to T'ai Yüan. As to the communication between T'ai Yüan and Ch'ang An, it had already been dealt with in another article in some detail.