春秋玉器及其分期－中國古玉斷代研究之四

The Jade of the Spring and Autumn Period and Its Periodisation

楊建芳(Yeung Kin Fong)

《中國文化研究所學報》 18卷 (1987/01) Pp. 1-30

https://doi.org/10.29708/JCS.CUHK.198701_18.0001

並列摘要

Numerous jade articles of Spring and Autumn Period have been excavated in China over the past thrity years. These articles which have their own characteristics can be divided into three periods, Early, Middle and Late. The jade articles unearthed from the tombs of the state of Kuo at Shang Ts'un Ling, Shan County, Hê Nan 河南縣上村嶺虢國墓地 were regarded as representative of jade articles of the Early Period. Some of them still retained pronounced features of Western Chou jade (e.g. complex dragons in S-curve), while others present a brand new style (e.g. dragon-pattern split ring and circular stone plaque in openwork). This phenomenon is what is to be expected in a transitional period. The articles unearthed from the tombs of Prince Meng and his wife of the Huang state at Pao Hsiang Temple, Kuang Shan County, Hê Nan 河南光山縣寶相寺黃君孟夫婦墓 can be regared as representative of jade articles at the Middle Period. These articles is patently different in style from those of the Western Chou, e.g. tiger-shaped pendant with incised patterns, jade pendant with tiger and bird silhouettes, animal mask with dragon and phoenix patterns, dragon-pattern ring, dragon-pattern spilt ring and rectangular plaque in the shape of flowers. The dragon patterns were usually with tongues hanging downward. Articles of this period have many of the distinctive features of the Spring and Autumn Period. The articles unearthed from the tombs (M1 and M3) at Hsia Temple, Hsi Ch'uan County, Hê Nan 河南淅川縣下寺 and the royal tomb of the Ts'ai state at Shou County, An Hui 安徽壽縣蔡侯墓 can be regarded as representative of the Late Period. On the one hand, jade articles of this period retains features of the tradition of the Middle Period; on the other hand, they had their own novel features. Articles like dragon in S-curve, rectangular jade pendant (liu 瑬), rectangular jade plaque with dragon pattern etc. were prevalent at the time. Articles like small clothing hook (and belt hook), jade ornaments attached to sword, squarish jade final etc. began to appear, something seldom,if ever, seen before. Zoomorphic jade articles became more and more lively. Openwork technology made considerable progress and hollow out technique reached a comparatively. high standard. Jade usually had patterns in low relief and thus appeared stereoscopic. Dragon pattern which was still popular, had a tendency towards simplification and patternisation and this occasionally bacame irregular cloud patterns. These marked the beginning of the features of jade articles of the Early Period of the Warring States Period. One thing worth mentioning is that the jade articles of the Spring and Autumn Period had an obviously local feature, e.g. the Ch'in jade usually had a geometrical patten (e.g. dragon pattern). This will, it is hoped, be useful for the study of local features of the jade articles of the Spring and Autumn Period.