Physicians, Quanzhen Daoists, and Folk Cult of the Sage of Medicine in Nanyang, 1540s-1950s

明末至民初南陽的醫林、全真道士以及民間醫聖崇信

劉迅(Xun Liu)

《道教研究學報：宗教、歷史與社會》 6期 (2014/01) Pp. 269-334

摘要

This article investigates the close interaction among the physicians' guild, Daoists, patients, and devotees of Zhang Ji (z. Zhongjing, 150-211) at the Shrines of the Sage of Medicine and the Three Sovereigns in the city of Nanyang, Henan, from the late Ming to the early Republican period. Using previously untapped local temple steles, extant textual sources, and other evidences developed from fieldwork, the author shows that Daoist clerics of the Quanzhen Nanwu lineage played a vitally important role not only in the physical upkeep and daily operations of the shrines, but also in the local physicians' annual sacrifices and worship of the medical pantheon that featured the Three Sovereigns and the Prominent Physicians, especially, Zhang Ji. In addition, these Quanzhen Daoist clerics also provided service at the physicians' annual social and professional gatherings at the shrines where the guild members discussed their healing craft and practice. The author demonstrates that by using their privileged positions as the shrine keepers, the Quanzhen clerics managed to have cultivated long-term ties with the physicians and local elite. Drawing on these close ties and on the organizational strength of their fictive kinship as a religious lineage, these Quanzhen clerics exercised considerable agency and influence in dealing with their physician clients, in shaping the local cult of the Lord Sage of Medicine centered on Zhang Ji, and in hosting and disseminating folk, rather than orthodox, healing beliefs and practices such as the divinatory slips of prescriptive recipes at the Sage of Medicine Shrine in Nanyang.

關鍵字

Quanzhen Nanwu Daoist clerics ； shrine keepers ； the physicians' guild ； Zhang Ji (Zhongjing) ； Sage of Medicine ； divinatory slips of prescription

並列摘要

本文考察明末至民初南陽醫林、全真道士以及普通病患和張機（仲景，150-211）崇信者在當地三皇廟和醫聖祠密切互動的歷史。作者運用以前從未使用的廟碑、現存文獻以及田野調查所發現的證據，展示了全真南無派廟祝不僅在醫聖祠和三皇廟的維護以及日常活動方面具有關鍵作用，同時他們還在當地醫林祭祀三皇先醫，尤其是醫聖張機的祭獻儀式以及醫林會館談醫論治的聚會中，擔任舉足輕重的角色。全真道士們利用他們作為廟祝的特殊地位，與當地醫林和縉紳精英建立了長期的合作關係。正是憑藉這些關係以及全真宗派集團自身內部結構的強勢，這些全真南無派廟祝在與其醫林僱主的交往中、在形塑當地張機醫聖爺崇拜的過程中，以及在主導並傳布諸如醫聖藥籤之類非正統的民間禁祝療法和信仰的過程中，都具備了非常大的主動性和影響力。

並列關鍵字

全真南無派道士 ； 廟祝 ； 醫林會館 ； 張機（仲景） ； 醫聖 ； 藥籤