JAPANESE LOANWORDS IN MODERN CHINESE

现代汉语中的日语外来语

赵坚(Jian Zhao)

《Journal of Chinese Linguistics》 34卷2期 (2006/06) Pp. 306-327

摘要

This article explores the historical origins of the introduction of Japanese loanwords in China, tracing their routes of entry into the language and analyzing their impact on the formation of modern Chinese. Since the mid-4th century, when Japan had begun systematically to borrow Chinese characters to form their own writing system, the Japanese language was under strong Chinese influence. During the late Edo and early Meiji periods, however, Japanese scholars rendered a huge quantity of western publications into Japanese, hastening the modernization of the language. Indeed, the success of modernization in Japan after the Meiji Restoration reversed the cultural flow between China and Japan. Shocked and awakened by its half-century-long failure in foreign and domestic affairs, China began to modernize at the end of 19th century, dispatching students to Japan to learn western science and technology, as well as subjects in the western humanities. Their learning reached a Chinese readership through the medium of translation. For these Chinese translators, modem Japanese was an indispensable vehicle of western knowledge and linguistic transformation. Many Japanese-redefined and Japanese-created words were introduced in their translations with little modification, and these Japanese loanwords gained currency in Chinese. More significantly, the Japanese practice of creating new words to accommodate new knowledge influenced native linguistic practice, hastening the formation of modern Chinese. The introduction of Japanese loanwords into China also marked the beginning of a new period of Sino-Japanese relations, initiating a two-way cultural exchange between the two nations.

關鍵字

Chinese language ； Modern Chinese ； Japanese language ； Loanword ； Study abroad ； Sino-Japanese relation ； Cultural exchange ； Western learning ； Publication

並列摘要

本文探讨日语外来语在中国的来龙去脉，即追溯其进入汉语的渠道及其对现代汉语形成过程的影响。日本自四世纪中叶开始大规模导入汉字以形成其书写系统以来，日语一直处于汉语的强大影响下。然而抵江户幕末和明治初期，日本学者将卷牒浩瀚的西文典籍译成日语，加速其语言的现代化过程。明治维新所带来的日本现代化的成功逆转了中日之间的文化流向。错愕和震惊于半个多世纪在内外事务上的失败，中国在十九世纪末开始派遣学生留日，希望通过学习西方科技文化知识带动国家现代化。留日学生习得的知识通过翻译传给中国读者，对他们来说，现代日语成了传播西方知识和促成语言转型的不可或缺的工具。许多日语赋予新意和新造的词汇几乎未经处理就直接输入，成为汉语的强势语汇。更为重要的是，日语以新词汇传释新知识的实践影响了汉语的发展，加速现代汉语的形成。日语外来语的输入还标志着中日关系新时代的来临，在两国之间开始了双向型的文化交流。

並列關鍵字

汉语 ； 现代汉语 ； 日语 ； 外来语 ； 留洋 ； 中日关系 ； 文化交流 ； 西学 ； 出版物