A comprehensive and thorough understanding of the "Song of the Vineyard" (Isaiah 5:1-7), one of the most famous passages of prophetic literature, can only be achieved by exploring ancient Palestinian modes of production and political economy, examining the key term "vineyard," and analyzing the addressees of the song in detail. This interpretation of the "Song of the Vineyard" provides researchers with an exemplary case study of Marxist literary criticism of the Bible, which can enhance and benefit academic biblical studies.