The cured dredged soil specimens were prepared indoors by mixing with homemade curing agent using the channel dredged soil from a port in Shanghai as the test soil material, and the effect of curing agent dosing and curing age on the unconfined compressive strength was analyzed by using the unconfined compressive strength test. In addition, the structural characteristics of the cured dredged soil specimens were analyzed at the microscopic level using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the microstructural fractional dimensions associated with particles, pores, and particle surface undulations were extracted and analyzed using Image-Pro Plus (IPP). Based on the fractal theory, the macro and micro correlations between the microstructural changes of the specimens and the macro compressive strength during the curing process were investigated. The experimental results showed that: the unconfined compressive strength of the solidified dredged soil samples increased with the increase of curing agent content and curing time, and the selected microstructural parameters showed a good linear relationship with the unconfined compressive strength.