戰國秦系銘文中「物勒工名」官職與傳世文獻《周禮》官職比較異同

本文以「文獻比較研究法」探析戰國秦系銘文監造制度所列官職與傳世文獻《周禮》異同之處。秦系銘文中關於監造制度銘文共有八十條例，銘文反映出二種書寫特色，一為詳細羅列由中央或地方行政擔任最高監造者至實際製造者的監造制度流程，二為僅扼要書寫製造機構與相關官吏、工匠。本文透過秦系銘文監造制度整理，可知完整監造制度流程為中央、地方最高級行政首長，至製造機構與管理官吏，再至官吏助手，最後至實際鑄造工匠。傳世文獻《周禮》〈考工記〉敘述不同器物製造亦有不同工匠進行製造，且各個工匠間的亦有分工情況。《周禮．冬官》雖亡佚，但由《周禮》行文書寫方式，可知其製作工藝最高管理者為「司空」，各個職位亦有相關助手協助器物製造。透過出土文獻與傳世文獻官吏制度相較，二者官職名稱僅有「廩人」、「工」二職是相同的，但二職工作內容卻不同，此外，二者對於器物製造的官吏制度相異。本文觀察二者相異的原因，大抵有二點，一為「商鞅變法」以致國家施政方針與行政制度更改；二為《周禮》、〈考工記〉並未反應戰國器物製造流程。

關鍵字

監造制度；秦系文字；金文；周禮；考工記

並列摘要

The method of comparative research was used in the present study to explore the different official positions between the manufacturing supervision system of bronze inscriptions of the Qin State characters of the Warring States period and Chou Li(《周禮》) by historic literatures. There were eighty articles of the manufacturing supervision system in bronze inscriptions of the Qin State characters. They reflected two literary features. One thoroughly spread out the process of the manufacturing supervision system from the supervisor serving as the chief executive of the central government or head of local administration to manufacturers. The other concisely writed manufacturing organization and artisans. This paper sorted out articles of manufacturing supervision system in bronze inscriptions of the Qin State characters. This reveals the complete process of the manufacturing supervision system arranged from a supervisor who was a central or local administrative head, to manufacturing organization and management officials, to official assistants, and to foundry craftsmen. ＂Kao Gong Ji＂(〈考工記〉) by historic literature showed that the different artifacts were made by different craftsmen, and there was a division of labor among artisans. Although ＂Winter Department＂(〈冬官〉) which was one of the chapters of Chou Li has been lost, through the manner of writing of Chou Li, it can be known that the top the manager of the production department was ＂Si Kong＂(司空), and each position also had assistants to assist in the manufacture of utensils. By comparing with the official system between the unearthed documents and historic literatures, only the names of the official positions ＂Lin Ren＂ (廩人) and ＂Gong＂ (工) are the same, but the contents of the two positions are different. Besides, the official system of artifact manufacturing between the unearthed documents and historic literatures is different. According to this paper's observation, there are two causes for the differences between historic literatures and bronze inscriptions of the Qin State characters. One was that national policy and administrative system were changed from Shang Yang's innovation, and the other was that Chou Li and ＂Kao Gong Ji＂ didn't reflect the process of utensils manufacturing in the Warring States period.

並列關鍵字

Manufacturing supervision system ； the Qin State characters ； Bronze inscriptions ； Chou Li(《周禮》) ； Kao Gong Gji(〈考工記〉)

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