水資源發展政策之比較研究：以台灣和以色列為例

洪唯峰

《第十屆發展研究年會　台灣經驗2.0：在地與全球的發展研究與實踐》 2018 (2018/10) Pp. 392-412

https://doi.org/10.6392/ACDS.201810.0013

摘要

台灣年平均降雨量約為2515毫米（mm）比世界平均值高出2.5倍以上，但受制於地理條件以及水利設備老舊等因素，儲水能力及降雨使用率都不佳，導致台灣年均人可用水量僅為世界平均值的1／7，成為水資源嚴重匱乏之國家。水資源匱乏的解決之道不外乎開源或節流，台灣四面環海又擁有絕佳的海水淡化地理條件，但政府投注於海水淡化的資源卻遠遜於其他水資源政策項目（且海淡廠大部分均設於離島地區）。對照之下，以色列為世界嚴重缺水國家之一，同時境內降雨量與天然河川或湖泊皆少，但靠著海水淡化技術解決該國水資源匱乏之問題，甚至靠著技術出口的服務貿易每年為國家經濟帶來收入。台灣客觀上擁有較以色列為佳的海水淡化地理條件，但為何台灣無法像以色列一樣有效推動海水淡化技術解決水資源不足的危機？本文擬從兩國的氣候條件、地理因素、政經濟環境及水資源發展政策等方向進行質性比較研究，釐清兩國水資源政策的具體差異及此等差距之原因，進而提供台灣面對水資源匱乏所應調整之政策方向。

關鍵字

台灣 ； 以色列 ； 海水淡化 ； 水資源匱乏 ； 水資源發展政策

並列摘要

The annual average precipitation of Taiwan is about 2515 millimeters (mm), which is 2.5 times higher than the world average. However, due to geographical conditions and old water conservancy equipment, water storage capacity and rainfall utilization rate are not good, resulting in an average annual rate in Taiwan. The amount of water available to people is only 1/7 of the world average, making it a country with severe water scarcity. The solutions to the lack of water resources are broadening resources of income or reducing expenditures. Taiwan is surrounded by sea which makes Taiwan has excellent seawater desalination conditions but the government's betting on desalination resources is less than other water policy projects (most of the seawater desalination plants are located in offshore islands). In contrast, Israel is one of the countries with severe water shortages in the world. There are less precipitation and natural rivers or lakes in Israel. However, Israel decided to develop seawater desalination technology to solve the problem of the scarcity of the water resources, even relying on technology export service trade every year and bringing income to the national economy. Taiwan objectively has a desalination geographical condition better than Israel, but why can't Taiwan effectively promote the desalination technology to solve the water shortage crisis like Israel? This paper intends to conduct qualitative comparative studies from the climatic conditions, geographical factors, political economic environment and water resources development policies of the two countries, to clarify the specific differences between the two countries' water resources policies and the reasons for these gaps, and to provide Taiwan with policies direction that should be adjusted for lack of water resources.

並列關鍵字

Taiwan ； Israel ； seawater desalination ； scarcity of water resources ； development policy of water resources