美國南海政策的演化與進程

The Evolution and Progress of America's South China Sea Policy

周平(Chou, Ping)

《展望與探索月刊》 16卷4期 (2018/04) Pp. 40-64

摘要

美國南海政策的演化，迭經柯林頓政府確認以全球領導地位作為國家利益的主體與重心；小布希政府初步擬定國防戰略重心轉向亞太以持續掌控東亞濱海；及至歐巴馬政府，確認21世紀美國的霸權繫於南海，擘劃南海政策，進而擬定再平衡戰略，作為落實南海政策、維繫全球領導地位的工具與方法。南海政策的進程亦即戰略再平衡的進程。戰略再平衡雖涉及全般國力工具的運用，但以軍事為主，內涵以轉移兵力重心及調整同盟重心為重點。就再平衡的成果看，美軍在南海增加輪駐部隊、擴增軍演；以自由航行任務之名，強化與南海聲索國、亞太強權、和北約盟友的鏈結，已然打造出強大的抗「中」聯盟。川普的印太戰略，不但建軍壓制大陸、執行自由航行任務、及建構圍堵大陸網路的力道超越前朝，更直接將美「中」關係推升到霸權競爭的層次。只要美國霸權繫於南海的格局不變，南海政策以確保南海控制權作為亞太軍事戰略的核心，藉以達成維繫全球領導地位之最終目標也不會改變。

關鍵字

權力轉移 ； 戰略再平衡 ； 黃岩島 ； 自由航行任務 ； 印太戰略

並列摘要

The evolution of America's South China Sea policy was as follows: Under Clinton administration, the global leadership as core and focus of national interest was confirmed. Under Bush administration, the focus of national defense strategy shifted to Asia-Pacific to continuously control East Asia. Confirming the South China Sea as the key to the sustainability of the US hegemony in the 21^(st) century, Obama administration formulated the South China Sea policy and drew up the rebalance strategy afterwards, which was to implement the policy and to sustain its global leadership position. The progress of the South China Sea policy is the advancement of the rebalance strategy. Although the rebalance strategy involves the use of all kinds of tools of national power, military is the major one. The shift of the focus of US military forces and the realignment of the alliances are the keys of the rebalance strategy. US increased stationed troops and military exercises in the South China Sea. Under Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs), US strengthened the chains with South China Sea claimants, powers in Asia-Pacific, and member states of NATO. A mighty anti-China coalition has been built. The Trump administration's Indo-Pacific strategy not only exceeds his predecessors in projecting grand plan for military buildup, enhances the strength for FONOPs, and consolidates containment coalition against China, but also escalates Sino-US tensions to the level of hegemonic competition in the region. As long as the South China Sea remains the core to its hegemony, America's South China Sea policy will continue to embrace dominant control of the region as the key of its Asia-Pacific military strategy. The goal is to serve sustaining US global leadership position.

並列關鍵字

power transition ； rebalance strategy ； Scarborough Shoal ； Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) ； Indo-Pacific strategy