The development of inland water transport industry not only promotes the development of the city, the growth of regional economy and the improvement of people's living standards, but also plays an important role in improving the traffic environment and urban ecological environment. Based on the existing literature research, this paper summarizes and draws lessons from the development experience of water transport industry at home and abroad. Firstly, it expounds the overall development status of waterway transportation in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, including the construction, development and achievements of waterway. Secondly, the correlation between waterway transportation and basin economy in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River is analyzed. And summarize and analyze the contribution of waterway construction to economic development and social development. Finally, based on the above analysis, this paper puts forward the corresponding development strategies of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River waterway: improving the water transport policy; increasing the construction of waterway and port facilities; accelerating the construction of collection and distribution system; optimizing the structure of ship transport capacity, developing professional transportation; improving the level of inland water transport informatization; vigorously cultivating high-quality shipping talents; building and developing a green water transport system.