《联合国宪章》人权条款的产生及其意义

The Emergence and Significance of the Human Rights Clauses in the Charter of the United Nations

龚刃韧(Gong Renren)

《人权研究》 1期 (2020/06) Pp. 38-59

摘要

1941年1月6日美国总统罗斯福在对国会年度演讲中提出的“四大自由”原则，通过《大西洋宪章》和《联合国家宣言》，成为反法西斯同盟国的主要战争目标之一。因此，战后成立的联合国以尊重人权为基本宗旨有其历史必然性。在敦巴顿橡树园会议前，中华民国国民政府提出的种族平等建议，主要是为了寻求提高中国作为非白种人大国的国际地位。由于美、英、苏优先考虑大国在新国际组织中的特殊责任和投票程序等问题，1944年10月由大国拟定的《敦巴顿橡树园建议案》只有一项人权条款。在1945年4月至6月成立联合国组织的旧金山会议上，由于中小国家特别是拉美国家代表以及美国非政府组织的共同争取，以及纳粹德国大屠杀暴行的揭露，促使联合国宪章草案增加了七项人权条款。《联合国宪章》人权条款是战后形成的国际人权法的第一块奠基石，同时也标志着人类文明进入新纪元。

關鍵字

四大自由 ； 联合国宪章 ； 人权条款

並列摘要

The principles of ＂four freedoms＂ put forward by the then American President F. D. Roosevelt in the annual address to Congress on 6 January 1941, through the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations, became one of the main war objectives of the Anti- Fascist Allies. Therefore, respect for human rights as the basic purpose of the United Nations established after war, has its historical inevitability. Prior to the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, the proposal for racial equality put forward by the Chinese nationalist government, was mainly to seek to improve China's international status as a non-white great power. As the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union gave priority to the special responsibility of big powers in the new world organization and voting procedures, the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals drafted by big powers in October 1944 had only one human rights clause. At the San Francisco Conference from April to June in 1945 that established the United Nations, under the joint efforts of the delegations from small and medium countries, especially from Latin America and U.S. NGOs, as well as the disclosure of the atrocities of Nazi Germany, seven human rights clauses were added to the draft Charter of the United Nations. Human rights clauses of the UN Charter were the first cornerstone of the international human rights law formed after the World War II, and marked the beginning of a new era for human civilization.

並列關鍵字

four freedoms ； Charter of the United Nations ； human rights clauses