联合国人权机制的沿革、贡献和问题

Evolution, Contributions and Issues Related to the UN Human Rights Mechanism

沈永祥(Shen Yongxiang)

《人权研究》 3期 (2020/12) Pp. 29-41

摘要

为实现促进和保护人权的宪章宗旨，联合国成立并逐步形成了人权理事会、公约委员会和人权高专办三位一体的人权机制。该机制在制订国际人权标准、丰富现代人权内涵、支持实现人民自决权和反对南非种族隔离制度等方面作出了重要贡献。在东西方冷战大背景下，人权委员会一度成为联合国系统政治对抗最激烈的场所。由于各国利益和立场不同，对联合国人权机制存在问题的看法不尽相同，应对方案甚至南辕北辙。人权成为联合国工作三大支柱之一后，一些历史遗留问题并未得到根本改变。联合国人权机制仍存在宪章性机构政治对抗严重、条约性机构不堪重负和人权高专办人员组成不够合理等问题。作为最大发展中国家，中国应在构建人类命运共同体理念指导下，在把握国际人权治理方向、倡导国际人权合作和向联合国人权机制输送人力资源等方面作出更大贡献。

關鍵字

联合国人权机制 ； 宪章性机构 ； 条约性机构 ； 人权高专办 ； 普遍定期审议机制

並列摘要

In the realization of the purposes of the promotion and protection of human rights enshrined in the United Nations Charter, the United Nations has established and gradually formed a three-sphere human rights mechanism, consisting of the Human Rights Council, the treaty bodies and Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The mechanism has made important contributions to formulating international human rights standards, enriching the contemporary content of human rights, supporting the realization of people's right to self-determination, opposing the apartheid system in South Africa, etc. Against the backdrop of the Cold War between East and West, the former Commission on Human Rights was once the most intense venue for political confrontations in the United Nations system. As different countries have different interests and positions, they have different views on issues related to the UN human rights mechanism, thus have polarized responses and solutions. With human rights as one of the three pillars of the work of the United Nations, some issues left over from history have not been fundamentally changed. The United Nations human rights mechanism still has problems such as serious political confrontations in its Charter-based bodies, overwhelming workload in treaty bodies, and inadequate composition of OHCHR personnel. As the largest developing country, under the guidance of the concept of building a Human Community with a Shared Future, China should undertake more responsibility and make greater contributions, in terms of grasping the direction of international human rights governance, advocating international human rights cooperation, and providing talents to the United Nations human rights mechanism.

並列關鍵字

UN human rights mechanism ； Charter-based bodies ； treaty bodies ； Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights ； universal periodic review