“前白皮书时代”中国国际人权话语考略－以中国政府在联合国人权委员会的发言和立场文件为中心

China's International Human Rights Discourse in 1979-1991-An Analysis of the Speeches and Position Papers of China at the UN Commission on Human Rights

康华茹(Kang Huaru)

《人权研究》 5期 (2021/06) Pp. 65-85

摘要

1979年至国内首部人权白皮书发布的1991年，是中国国际人权话语积累和发展的重要时期。其间，中国在联合国人权委员会共发布7份立场文件，参与会议发言113次，表达了对被压迫国家和人民争取自决权的支持、对发展权的积极倡导、对以人权之名干涉他国内部事务的反对，并努力推动国际人权机制的改进和完善。中国人权话语传达出不同于西方的思想内核：人权是历史的、发展的，自决权和发展权是首先要强调的人权，人权包括个人权利和集体权利，同等重视两大类人权，以及建立平等、相互尊重和包容的国际人权秩序。这些在后来都发展为中国人权理念的核心要素。中国国际人权话语之所以在1979、1984和1990－1991年获得显著发展，一个重要原因是需要对外部批评和压力作出回应。但内部理论资源的缺乏及“被动防卫”的特征，也导致了中国人权话语在内容和思想上的局限性。当前中国提升人权话语权，需强化和凸显人权话语的思想性，同时增强自身参与国际人权事务的主体性。

關鍵字

人权话语 ； 联合国人权委员会 ； 自决权 ； 发展权

並列摘要

Before issuing its first white paper on human rights in November 1991, the People's Republic of China had experienced an important accumulation and development in her human rights discourse. During that period, the Chinese Government had issued seven position papers and China's delegates had made a total of 113 statements at the UN Commission on Human Rights. These oral and written statements expressed China's support for the rights to self-determination and development, its opposition to interference in other countries' internal affairs in the name of human rights, and its viewpoints on promoting the improvement of international human rights mechanisms. The core ideas conveyed by Chinese human rights discourse at that time, which were different from that of the West, included the following aspects: human rights are a historical and developmental concept; the right to self-determination and the right to development are the most significant human rights; human rights include individual rights and collective rights; the two main categories of human rights equally matter; and establishing an equal, mutual respect and inclusive international human rights order. These ideas later evolved into China's today's concept of human rights. The need to respond to external pressure was an important factor for the remarkable development of Chinese human rights discourse in 1979, 1984 and 1990-1991. However, the lack of theoretical resources and the character of ＂passive defensiveness＂ also led to the limitation of this discourse in content and ideology. To enhance the influence of its human rights discourse, China needs to build up and highlight the ideological power therein, and strengthen its subjectivity of participating in international human rights affairs.

並列關鍵字

human rights discourse ； UN Commission on Human Rights ； the right to self-determination ； the right to development