Although military service is the duty of men in Taiwan, those with mental illness face various legal restrictions that impede their ability to conveniently fulfill their civic responsibility. This study focused on the 1-year substitute military service program and identified the limitations and inconveniences inherent to the current laws and regulations that apply to individuals with mental illness who face difficulties in fulfilling their military service (either prior to or during such service). We conclude that a more robust mental health review system and various amendments to the alternative military service program would greatly improve the circumstances for individuals with mental health issues.