十字架上的上帝与仪礼中的人伦：从献祭制度尝试探讨基督宗教与儒家的哲学构建和对社会合作的改进

本文简要分析了基督宗教和儒家对各自文化传统中的献祭制度的成全和发展，并在此基础提出了各自的哲学解释和推动了社会合作。《旧约》献祭制度中人神关系的核心是“爱神”，即爱耶和华神；而在中国早期献祭制度的人神关系是“敬鬼神”，这里的神祇则是指向多神。基督宗教和儒家在继承原先各自祭祀传统的同时，对各自传统的献祭制度进行了一次系统的重新塑造和转换。基督宗教用《新约》成全了《旧约》，而以孔子为代表的儒家学者则用“亲亲”和人伦系统解释旧有的献祭制度并进行了重新构建新。在此意义上，基督宗教之所以称为基督宗教，就在于耶稣基督在十字架的献祭，在于三一上帝；而儒家之所以为儒家，则在于祭祖和祭天，在于“亲亲”和人伦。两者对早期献祭制度的成全和发展都极大推动了社会合作，进而实现了帕累托改进，并为各自社会发展奠定了后来的走向。

關鍵字

献祭制度；十字架；上帝；仪礼；人伦；社会合作

並列摘要

This paper briefly analyzes how Christianity and Confucianism inherited and developed their respective early traditional sacrifice system, and how to put forward their own philosophy thoughts and how to promote their social cooperation based on those inheritances and developments. The core relationship between human and God, demonstrated in the sacrifice system from Old Testament, is ＂love the Lord your God＂, which focused on Jehovah; and the core relationship between human and gods in the early Chinese sacrifice system is ＂respect ghosts＂, which referred to the polytheism. Both of Christianity and Confucianism, not only inherited, but re-explained, reshaped and transformed their respective original worship tradition. Especially, to Christianity, New Testament is the inheritance, re-explanation and replacement for Old Testament; and to Confucianism, represented by Confucius, reshaped and reconstructed the old worship system by ＂kinship love＂ and human relationship ethic. In this sense, the core characters of Christianity are the sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross and the doctrine of ＂Trinity＂; and the key symbols of Confucianism are ancestor worship and heaven worship, the ＂kinship love＂ and human relationship ethic. Moreover, both of Christianity's and Confucianism's inheritance, re-explanation, reconstruction to their own traditional system, have greatly promoted the social cooperation, so as to realize Pareto Optimality at that time, and then they respectively laid the foundations for their later social tendency.