都市人行環境空間封閉性對時間知覺之影響

人本交通近年來越來越受到重視，全球各城市可以發現減縮車道轉換為人行道比率正在提升，可視為一種為了友善環境的趨勢作為，在台灣也可發現政府積極完善人行道空間，發展適宜的步行空間。有研究指出民眾考量步行的條件為安全性、環境舒適性、耗費的時間距離，前兩項安全性及舒適性，在規劃設計人行道空間階段時即被考量，也是目前整建的主要方向，然而耗費的時間距離，此層面在道路規劃時已是既定的，更改困難，也因此鮮少被視為可改善項目，在人行道空間過往相關研究中也大多著重在人行道景觀元素與人之間的關係。雖然在既定的道路長度、花費的客觀時間上是無法改變的，但是人體卻有一種獨特時間機制，若透過影響人體時間判斷的機制是否可能達成縮短或延長主行走時花費的時間?在過去研究時間判斷與人體關係的研究中，發現人體受到外在刺激時改變自身情緒狀態、注意力時，時間的感知會產生扭曲的現象，例如快樂的時光過的特別快，而在時間知覺中被分為兩種類型，「持續時間判斷」、「時間流逝速度判斷」。在本研究將模擬人行走於不同封閉感之街道，透過觀看VR影片第一人稱行走中的視角，來測驗人是否因此在時間感、情緒狀態上產生變化。研究結果顯示，受測者在行走於實驗場景後情緒狀態產生變化，但在不同封閉性的步行空間中情緒狀態沒有不同。情緒狀態對時間感上的影響，在高或低喚起度與高或低愉悅度構成的4類型情緒狀態中，持續時間判斷皆呈現高估，而在時間流逝速度判斷中則是與喚起度、愉悅度呈現正向線性關係。在不同封閉性空間中則觀察到，受測者在持續時間判斷中沒有不同，皆呈現高估時間狀態，而在時間流逝速度上則是封閉性高的空間感到時間流逝慢於低、中封閉性空間。因此在本研究中發現在不同封閉性上，人所感受到的時間流逝速度不同，在未來人行道路設計中可作為新的設計因子。

關鍵字

時間知覺；封閉感；虛擬實境；人行道

並列摘要

Human-oriented transportation has received more and more attention in recent years. Cities around the world can find that the ratio of reduced lanes to sidewalks is increasing, which can be regarded as a trend for a friendly environment. In Taiwan, it can also be found that the government is actively improving sidewalk space and developing suitable walking space.Studies have pointed out that people consider walking conditions as safety, environmental comfort,distance and time spent. The first two safety and comfort are considered when planning and designing the sidewalk space, and they are also the main direction of the current renovation. However, the time-consuming and walking distance, this level is already established in road planning, it is difficult to change, so it is rarely regarded as an improvement project. In addition, in the past related studies of sidewalk space, most of the researches focused on the relationship between sidewalk landscape elements and people.Although the length of the road and the objective time spent cannot be changed, the human body has a unique time mechanism. Is it possible to shorten or prolong the time spent on walking by the mechanism that affects the human body's time judgment? In the past research time to judge the relationship with the human body. It is found that when the human body changes its emotional state and attention when subjected to external stimuli, the perception of time will be distorted. For example, happy times pass very fast . There are two types of time perception, "Duration judgments" and " Passage of time judgements " In this research, we will simulate people walking on streets with different closed feelings, and test whether people experience changes in their sense of time and emotional state by watching the perspective of first-person walking in VR movies.The research results show that the emotional state of the subjects changes after walking in the experimental scene, but there is no difference in emotional state in different enclosed walking spaces. The influence of emotional state on the sense of time is overestimated in the four types of emotional states composed of high or low arousal and high or low pleasure.In the passage of time judgements, it has a positive linear relationship with arousal and pleasure.In different enclosed spaces, it is observed that the subjects have no difference in the judgment of duration, and they all present a state of overestimation of time, while in terms of passage of time judgements, the space with high closedness feels that the passage of time is slower than that of low and medium space. Therefore, it can be found that the time speed experienced by people is different in different enclosures, which can be used as a reference factor in future pedestrian road design.