氮肥處理對有色米及其發芽米機能性成分之影響

The Influence of Nitrogen Treatment on Functional Components of Colored Rice and Its Germinated Rice

楊敬屏(Jing-Ping Yang)

指導教授 ： 黃文達

共同指導教授 ： 楊棋明(Chi-Ming Yang)

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/農藝學研究所/碩士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201701390

摘要

氮肥施用為影響水稻 (Oryza sativa L.) 穀粒品質及產量的重要因子，隨著氮肥施用量增加，稻米蛋白質含量及產量亦增加，多數研究探討氮肥對營養成分及食味品質之影響，氮肥施用對稻米機能性成分含量影響的研究則相對缺乏。有色米及發芽米為新興的機能性食品，具有高機能性成分含量及高抗氧化力等保健價值，糙米經發芽後其機能性成分和抗氧化力皆提升，特別是 γ-胺基丁酸 (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) 含量會大幅增加，其高 GABA 含量有鎮定、助眠及緩和初老症狀等功效。
本研究針對四種國內有色米品種黑色米的花蓮黑糯 (HLB)、新埔紫香秈 (XPB)、紅色米的新埔紅香秈糯 (XPR)及白米的桃園 3 號 (TY3)，以低、中、高三種氮肥施用量 (70、140、210 kg ha -1 ) 進行盆栽試驗，收穫後以糙米進行發芽處理，探討三種氮肥施用量與發芽處理對不同品種有色米品質及抗氧化力之影響，以期建立有色米及其發芽米之優良生產模式。結果顯示氮肥施用量不影響糙米蛋白質含量，亦不影響花青素、類黃酮等機能性成分含量，而中高氮肥施用量之糙米類胡蘿蔔素、總酚、GABA 含量顯著降低，高氮肥施用量處理水稻可能因病蟲害使產量偏低。XPR 有最高總酚含量及抗氧化力，HLB 和 XPB 次之，TY3 最低。黑米有較高花青素、類胡蘿蔔素含量，透過關聯性分析可知黑米抗氧化能力與花青素、類黃酮含量較相關，而紅米抗氧化能力與總酚含量較相關，抗氧化力可能部分由此機能性成分所貢獻。發芽處理後，有色米機能性成分和抗氧化力大都下降。稻米 GABA 含量於發芽後顯著提升，HLB 發芽米有最高 GABA 含量。整體而言，推薦氮肥施用量140 kg ha -1 栽培 XPR 可有較高總酚含量及產量，氮肥施用量 70 kg ha -1 栽培 XPB，有較高 GABA 含量及產量。

關鍵字

氮肥 ； 有色米 ； 發芽處理 ； 機能性成分 ； γ-胺基丁酸(GABA)

並列摘要

Nitrogen fertilizer application acts as a key factor to affect the rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain qualities and production yield. As the applied amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased, the production yield and protein content in rice grain raised. Most studies of nitrogen fertilizer application focus on nutrient components and tasting qualities of rice. However, fewer researches discussed the nitrogen fertilizer applied effects on functional components in rice grain. In this study, we used colored rice as major material. Colored rice is one kind of functional food and gets popular in late decades. It has abundant functional components and great antioxidant capacities. Those properties indicate its extraordinary value to improve health. Similarly, germinated brown rice is another kind of functional food that make people healthier. Brown rice with germinated treatment has elevated functional components level and enhanced antioxidant capacities. Especially, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content grows enormously in the sprouted rice. Previous studies presented that taking germinated rice as food lessened blood glucose and cholesterol. Also, the plentiful GABA content constitute tranquilizer, sleep aid and ease of presenile period disorders. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application and germinated treatment on the colored rice qualities and antioxidant capacities. Subsequently, the results can assist to build up good agricultural practice (GAP) model. In this study, we focused on local varieties of colored rice and conducted potted trial with low, medium and high applied amount (70, 140 and 210 kg ha -1 ) of nitrogen fertilizer. Four local varieties are Hualien black rice (HLB), Xingpu black rice (XPB), Xingpu red rice (XPR) and Taoyuan no. 3 (TY3) white rice. Part of the harvested rice were dealt with germinated treatment. The results revealed nitrogen fertilizer application did not affect the contents of protein and functional omponents such as anthocyanin, carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolic. Only under high applied amount of nitrogen fertilizer, there was significant reduction of production yield and some functional components. The contents of functional components mainly depend on varieties. Comparing total phenolic content and antioxidant capacities among varieties, the orders from highest to the lowest are red rice > black rice > white rice. The black rice has highest anthocyanin and carotenoids content. The antioxidant capacities of black rice might be constituted from anthocyanin and flavonoids through their significant correlation. Additionally, the antioxidant capacities of red rice was possibly contributed from phenolic compound due to their high correlation. However, most functional components and antioxidant capacities decreased. The functional components probably depleted for scavenging radicals which were produced during germination, so the antioxidant capacities declined as well. The GABA content of brown rice significantly raised after germination. The HLB germinated rice had highest GABA content. To sum up, it is recommended to cultivate XPR for higher total phenolic content and better yield with 140 kg ha -1 nitrogen fertilizer application, and cultivate XPB for higher GABA content and better yield with 70 kg ha -1 nitrogen fertilizer application.

並列關鍵字

nitrogen fertilizer ； colored rice ； germinated treatment ； functional components ； γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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