蒙古憲法法院之制度及動態

System and Dynamics of the Constitutional Court (Tsets) of Mongolia

古妍倫(Jargalsuren Yadamsuren)

指導教授 ： 許志雄 ； 蔡茂寅

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/法律學研究所/碩士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201802772

摘要

1980 年代末，蘇聯不採取行動來維持現有的共黨獨裁政權，反而採取經濟自由化與政治改革措施，這些改革作法受到留學蘇聯的蒙古改革人士青睞，將改革思想帶回蒙古。若就解釋共產主義國家政治變遷的學說來看，從國際影響理論更可以說明蘇聯對蒙古民主改革的示範影響占最重要地位。自1990年舉行首次民主選舉以來，蒙古被外界視為是從共產主義制度轉型為憲政民主制度的國家之一。
蒙古1990 年民主改革成功之後，蒙古第12 屆人民大呼拉爾會議於1991 年11 月11 日開幕，並於1992年1月13日通過《蒙古國憲法》。這部憲法於同年2月12日生效，是蒙古歷史上第4部憲法。本憲法在第五章以專章規定憲法法院 The Constitutional Court (Tsets) of Mongolia，這是蒙古國政府體系首次為了監測憲法的遵守情況建立一個新機關。蒙古憲法第64條規定，蒙古憲法法院是「對憲法的實施進行最高監督，對其條款的違背做出判決，對違憲糾紛予以裁決的權力機關，是憲法得以嚴格遵守的保障」，憲法正是冀望透過憲法法院制度，推進憲法所確立的民主、法治、人權、違憲審查制度等核心價值的實現。
蒙古憲法法院是獨立於立法、行政、司法機關之外，兼具司法性與政治性的國家權力行使機關、憲法保障機關以及憲法審判機關。憲法法院的終局意義在於保障人權，因此本文將特別關注相關判決如何回應人權保障諸多課題。
本此意旨，本文將在蒙古國憲政建設的歷史背景和現實基礎上，從憲法法院制度的源流、憲法法院制度規範，以及憲法法院制度實效等方面展開研究，盡可能論述憲法維護機制與憲政建設間的互動關係，以及蒙古國憲法法院制度建立發展的經驗與教訓。首先，從蒙古憲政形成以及歷史角度分析蒙古憲法法院的確立與發展的歷程；其次，從制度的觀點分析了蒙古憲法法院的制度內容，包括其性質、組織、管轄權、審理程序以及決定的種類；最後，從實踐的觀點總結了蒙古憲法法院在人權保障中做出的貢獻。

關鍵字

憲法 ； 蒙古憲法法院 ； 法院制度

並列摘要

At the end of 1980's, the emergence of perestroika in the former Soviet Union affected Mongolia and helped the Mongolia people complete a peaceful transition to democracy in 1990. Mongolia has been seen by the outside world as one of the countries that have transformed from a communist system to a constitutional democracy. After the successful democratic reforms in Mongolia in 1990, Mongolia started reforms towards to constitutional democracy in 1992. The 12th People's Great Khural, a deliberative body elected by the people adopted the first democratic constitution on January 13 of the 1992 and it came into effect on February 12 of the same year. Is the fourth constitution in Mongolian history. Constitution restricts political power because the fundamental rights It guarantees are interpreted and enforced by the Constitutional court. It includes an extensive list of fundamental rights such as the right to be equal before the law and the rights of freedom of the extension and freedom religion. The constitutional court of system established in the process of political transformation has exerted its notable function in the aspects of democratic politics, rule of law and human rights protection. Therefore, it has been considering and of the most remarkable achievements in Mongolian's development constitutionalism.
Article 64.1 of the Mongolian constitution: The Constitutional Court (Tsets) of Mongolia shall be an organ exercising supreme supervision over the implementation of the constitution, making judgment on the violation of its provisions and resolving constitutional disputes, it is shall be the guarantee for the strict observance of the Constitution.
This paper discusses the Mongolian constitutional court of system mainly in the aspect of back rounds, contents and actual effects. First of all, the paper focuses on the of Mongolian constitutional adjudication system and analyses the embarrassment and outlet with which Mongolian are confronted in its constitutionalism construction, and the paper reviews the constitutional status organization, jurisdiction and procedure of Mongolia Constitutional Court. Lastly analyses the function of the Constitutional court of rule of law protection human rights, on the base of the above mentioned research.

並列關鍵字

Constitutional law ； The Constitutional Court of (Tests) of Mongolia ； system of constitutional court

參考文獻

參考文獻

一、 中文

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2. 林廣華(2004)，《違憲審查制度比較研究》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社。

3. 阿穆爾 (2009)，《蒙古憲法法院的裁判程序》，中國。