影響農民參加農業保險之關鍵因素─以芒果產業為例

Key Factors Influencing Willingness to Participate in Agricultural Insurance for farmers: A Case Study of Mango Industry

許藝文(Yi-Wen Hsu)

指導教授 ： 陳郁蕙

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/農業經濟學研究所/碩士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201803112

摘要

農業經營受限於自然條件與天然災害的威脅，面臨農業生產與農產品價格不穩定的風險，而造成農民所得起伏不定。我國政府過去對農民因天災而造成之經濟上的損失，多以補貼或天災救助方式，協助農民進行災後復建、復耕等以減輕損失，但每年國內因天災所受之損失高達上百億元，而於政府平均核定金額多僅約占災損金額25%，農民須自行承擔之經濟損失高達七成以上，對農民生計顯為一沉重負擔，更對農業發展造成衝擊。
近年來諸多先進國家以保險之手段，結合風險管理之損害防阻與風險理財之財務功能，提高對農民所得安全之保障，也減輕國家財政之負擔，並達成農業資源之合理分配。我國自2015年起加強推動農業保險，陸續開發完成高接梨、芒果、釋迦、水稻、養殖水產、石斑魚以及雞禽流感等多張保單，惟試辦三年來，投保數以水稻占比超過9成，而相對屬高經濟價值作物的芒果，2016年實際銷售保單僅6張、2017年147張，整體作物種類、種植面積及農民參與投保比例仍屬不足。
本研究擬探討農業保險投保率低落之原因，以芒果保險承保的地區：台南市、屏東縣為範圍，利用層級分析法調查兩地芒果農、農民組織及地方政府，推估影響農民參加農業保險之因素及相對權重。在層級架構上，層級一為研究目的；層級二分由「契約面」、「政策面」、「生產面」、「經營面」四大影響構面；層級三則為層級二構面下之各項因素，共計24個因素所組成。
依據結果分析，影響農民參加農業保險之因素，層級二以「契約面」重要程度最高，層級三中的「契約面」以「理賠條件」重要程度最高；「政策面」以「天災救助金額與比例」重要程度最高；「生產面」以「作物單價」重要程度最高；「經營面」以「多元險種」重要程度最高。依綜合權重排序，前五大重要因素依序為：作物單價、理賠條件、天災救助金額、損失補償率、保費補貼比例。透過本研究結果，可提供制度規劃者與保險經營機構掌握影響農民投保之因素，進一步完善農業保險實施架構，以提高農業保險覆蓋率，並使農業經營邁入現代化。

關鍵字

農業風險 ； 農業保險 ； 芒果 ； 層級分析法

並列摘要

Agricultural management faces the threat of climate conditions and natural disasters in the risk of unstable production and prices, which cause fluctuations in farmers’ income. In the past, the government mostly assist farmers in post-disaster reconstruction and re-cultivation to reduce economic losses due to natural disasters by means of subsidies or natural disaster relief. However, the annual losses caused by natural disasters reached tens of billions dollars, but the average amount of government approval was only about 25% of the damage amount; so that farmers had to bear the economic losses by themselves as high as 70%, which was a heavy burden on their livelihood and had an impact on agricultural development.
In recent years, many countries had adopted the means of agricultural insurance, combined with risk prevention and financial functions of risk management, to improve the guaranteeing of farmers' income, reduce the financial burden of the government, and come to a reasonable distribution of agricultural resources. Since 2015, the government had promoted agricultural insurance and successively developed a number of insurance items such as pear, mango, custard apple, rice, farmed aquatic products, grouper and chicken. Yet, in the three years since the trial, the coverage of item insured has been still low, of which rice counted more than 90%. For mangoes, which are relatively high-value crops, the numbers of policies sold was only 6 in 2016 and 147 in 2017. The overall crop type, planting area and the proportion of farmers participating in insurance are still inadequate.
This study intends to explore the reasons for the low insurance coverage rate. In the areas covered by mango insurance, Tainan City and Pingtung County, the use of analytic hierarchy process method to investigate mango farmers, farmers' organizations and local governments could analyze and prioritize the factors impacting farmers' participation in agriculture insurance. In the hierarchical structure, the top is the research purpose; the first hierarchical level is divided into four major facets: “contract”, “policy”, “production” and “operating”; the second level consists of a total of 24 factors inherited by the first level.
The result indicated that in the first hierarchical level the facet “contract” had highest weighting affecting farmers' participation in agricultural insurance. Moreover, in the second level, the most important factors of their corresponding facets are: the factor “claim conditions”/ “percentage and amount of natural disaster relief”/ “crop price”/ “multi types of insurance” of the facet “contract”/ “policy”/ “production”/ “operating”. According to the comprehensive weighting, the top five important factors are: “crop price”, “claim conditions”, “percentage and amount of natural disaster relief”, “compensation rate”, and “premium subsidy ratio”. This study helps institutional planners and insurance operators to grasp the key factors affecting farmers' participation, and further improve the implementation framework of agricultural insurance and increase agricultural insurance coverage.

並列關鍵字

agricultural risk ； agricultural insurance ； mango ； AHP ； analytic hierarchy process

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