和平時期「交戰規則(Rules of Engagement)」之研究：以海上軍事行動為例

交戰規則（ROE）為現今國家執行軍事性行動的武力管控機制，從國際實踐中可發現交戰規則的運用涵蓋於和平時期與戰爭時期（或可視為發生武裝衝突的狀態），分界線就是決定武力使用的那一時刻。換言之，和平時期交戰規則針對軍事性行動做出規範限制外，也包括對於武力使用的限制，在非武裝衝突情況下，係對「敵對行為」或「敵對意圖」做出防禦性且必要的對應，以自衛權為前提，並提供相關行使該權利的規範。　　而交戰規則中所承載的《武裝衝突法》係國家之間於發生武裝衝突時，規定國家可以武力使用的情況與方式，它並不關心武力使用的合法性。故一旦發生武裝衝突時，《武裝衝突法》就適用，亦必須符合軍事必要、區分、比例與人道原則。其目的在於儘量降低戰爭所造成的苦難、損失與破壞。職是之故，以海上軍事性行動為例，在未進入武裝衝突前，交戰規則的制訂，除考量《武裝衝突法》外，亦應體現《聯合國憲章》、《國際人道法》、《海洋法公約》等相關國際法規。　　本論文爬梳了交戰規則的歷史脈絡與發展過程、國際間交戰規則的基本原則與形式，與探討交戰規則所應具備的法律地位與內涵，整理出關於和平時期交戰規則的行使要件與運用時機，藉以瞭解國際間交戰規則的具體實踐與可能樣貌，並進一步探討出我臺灣周邊海域的可能運用方式。時逢我國交戰規則政策發展之際，期能提供較有系統性的研究與整理，拋磚引玉讓國內學界或國防政策單位對於交戰規則的議題有更深入的瞭解與探討。

關鍵字

和平時期交戰規則；自衛權；武力使用；海上軍事行動

並列摘要

The “Rules of Engagement(ROE)” is the control mechanism of using the force when countries execute military operations nowadays. From international practice and experience, The ROE covers the utilization in two different phases: peacetime and wartime (or can be regarded as a state of armed conflict). The dividing line is depended on the moment of using the force. In other words, the peacetime ROE limits military operations, including the use of force, to execute defensive and necessary responses to hostile acts or hostile intent in the situations of nonarmed conflict. They are premised on the right of self-defense and provided rules for the execution. The "Law of Armed Conflict" contained in the Rules of Engagement stipulates the circumstances and ways in which a country can use force when an armed conflict occurs between countries. It does not care about the legality of the use of force. Therefore, once an armed conflict occurs, the "Armed Conflict Law" is applicable and must also comply with the principles of military necessity, distinction, proportionality, and humanity. Its purpose is to minimize the suffering, loss, and destruction caused by war. Taking maritime military operations as an example, the formulation of the rules of engagement should not only consider the "Law of Armed Conflict", but also reflect the "United Nations Charter", "International Humanitarian Law" and " United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" and other relevant international laws and regulations. This thesis reviews the history and development process, the basic principles and forms, the legal status and connotation, and the requirements and application timing of the ROE in peacetime. By understanding the specific practice and the possible appearance of the international ROE, and possible uses of ROE in the waters surrounding Taiwan is discussed. During the time that our country is developing ROE policy now, we hope to provide more systematic research and analysis to attract domestic academic circles or national defense policy units to have a deeper understanding and discussion on the issue of ROE.