「不必微顯，但務闡幽」- 張大復的傳記書寫

傳記書寫與作者之間存在著密不可分的關係，自傳是作者的自覺，或自我形象的理想化，而作者在為他人書寫傳記的同時，也往往將自我意識帶入傳記書寫之中。因此本文旨在透過「傳記書寫」的議題，討論張大復的傳記書寫內涵，並由此進一步探討張大復在其中所展現的情性及思想內涵。首章緒論，闡述研究動機、研究方法、說明中國傳記文學的發展，及張大復的生平與著作。次章以張大復所書寫的類傳—《崑山人物傳》為主要內涵，由明代方志及地方人物傳記編纂的情況切入，觀察張大復在時代風潮的影響之下，他面對地方人物傳記時的書寫角度、關注焦點與其對地域文化的自覺。第三章所討論的是張大復文集中的散傳他傳的部分，包括一般的「傳」、「狀志」、「壽序」、「像贊」、與人物傳記相關的「雜記」，及筆談中的人物散記。針對這些篇章，分析張大復在面對不同的文體，帶有不同書寫目的時，所產生的不同書寫內涵與情感表現。第四章主要論述張大復的自傳書寫，內容包括〈病居士自傳〉及帶有日記性質的筆談，從中觀察張大復對自我形象意識的建構，與其外顯的生活圖像及內隱的情感世界。第五章為綜合論述，在此打破文本之間的界線，彼此相互參照印證，藉以突顯張大復傳記書寫中的自我呈現，闡明他的情感歸屬，人生理想、價值評斷，與其對於生活情志的追求。從張大復的傳記書寫中，可以發現身處於晚明時期的張大復，不時受到時代風氣的影響，如他嚮往精神自適的生活，追求生活情趣，他寫作地方人物傳記，以彰顯地方文化氣息。此外，張大復更是傳統的儒生，他以儒家的價值標準為人生的理想準則，他藉由傳記書寫，標舉人生價值，同時他也藉由傳記書寫，傳達著自我不朽的想望。

關鍵字

張大復；傳記；崑山人物傳；梅花草堂筆談；病居士

並列摘要

Biographical writing is inseparable from the author. On the one hand, an autobiography is an articulation of the author’s self or self-idealization. On the other hand, a biographer is frequently under the influence of his or her own consciousness while writing the biography of someone else. In this light, this dissertation intends, by a reconsideration of the issue of biographical writing, to examine Zhang Da-fu’s biographic works and further investigate his temperament and ideas as expressed in these texts. In the first introductory chapter, I explain research motivation and methodology, account for the development of biographic literature in China, and describe the life and oeuvre of Zhang Da-fu. The second chapter primarily deals with the biographic work—Biography of Dignitaries on Kun Shan—written by Zhang Da-fu. The practice of Ming’s regional historical and biographical compilation is taken into consideration to show Zhang’s point of view, subject matter, and self-consciousness of regional cultures while he was under the influence of his time. The third chapter focus on miscellaneous biographies of Others. Based on these writings, I will analyze how Zhang changes his writing style and sentiments as he deals with different genres for different purposes. The fourth chapter has its main focus on Zhang’s autobiographic writing, including An Autobiography of A Sick Hermit and some other informal writings that resemble diary entries. From these writings I will observe the way in which Zhang constructs his self-image, his ostensible life patterns, and his inner emotional life. In the fifth chapter, various theories and arguments will be juxtaposed and questioned, and the distinctions between texts will be blurred so as to provide a deeper understanding of one another, as well as to highlight the self-image Zhang reveals in his biographic writings, and to illustrate his emotional life, ideals, value judgments, and the pursuit for personal career and life’s pleasure. From Zhang Da-fu’s biographic writings, it is obvious that Zhang, living in late Ming Dynasty, was constantly affected by the zeitgeist of his time. Examples can be found in his pursuit of a spiritually self-sufficient life, and the joy and pleasure in it. He also wrote biographies of local dignitaries, in order to draw people’s attention to the cultural part of different localities. But more importantly, Zhang is a traditional Confucian scholar who lives up to the standards of Confucian values and who, through his biographic writings, exhibits his philosophy of life and expresses his longing for artistic immortality.