臺灣銀髮族入住養生村之研究

國發會推估2025年台灣將進入超高齡社會，在高齡化與少子化的人口負成長趨勢下，接踵而來的銀髮照護與高齡者居住需求成為台灣難解的課題。各種訴求「銀髮住宅」、「養生村」、「老人公寓」等高齡住宿選擇陸續推出，有別於過去對於入住養老院存有孤苦無依或是子女不孝的負面印象，近幾年提供住宿式長照機構(過去稱為護理之家)服務的高端養生村不僅一位難求，住民甚至成為朋友圈「被羨慕的對象」。追求銀髮樂活的風氣逐漸改變了高齡者居住選擇，台灣過去三代同堂的思想與文化已逐漸式微，究竟是什麼因素驅使高齡者願意選擇離開熟悉的家，選擇入住養生村適應新的群體生活?本研究透過10位來自台灣北部4間不同養生村之長期住民與機構經營者進行深度訪談，藉由7位行動者(住民)需求角度與3位觀察者(經營者)客觀綜合分析，探討驅動高齡者願意選擇入住養生村之因素。研究發現影響因素可分為外在環境與內在因素，外在環境如社會氛圍與經濟，內在則是家庭影響與個人心態等，均為影響入住之關鍵。另外，住民對晚年的居住需求以及共同人格特質與馬斯洛人類需求層次理論不謀而合，當滿足了物質與經濟、社會與人權，進一步嚮往知識與文化的追求時，高端養生村遂成理想選擇之一。消費文化的轉向同時將影響台灣房地產未來趨勢與走向，下一波將是健康地產興起的時代，打造銀髮友善的硬體環境不僅是未來健康地產的基本要素，結合醫療物聯網等軟體服務能讓居住環境真正做到醫養合一。當在地老化面臨供不應求時，更應追求「在對的地方老化」，為自己主動規劃老後生活，活躍老化才能享受生命的二次美好。

關鍵字

成功老化；全齡宅；養生宅；半結構訪談；安養機構

並列摘要

The National Development Council estimates that Taiwan will enter a super-aged society in 2025. Under the negative population growth trend of aging and declining birth rates, the ensuing health care and housing needs of the elderly have become difficult issues for Taiwan. Various demands such as "senior housing", "health village", "elderly apartment", and other senior housing options have been launched one after another, which breaks the negative stereotype of loneliness or having unfilial children for the elderly living in nursing homes. Over the past decade the high-end elder village (in the past called nursing homes) that provides residential long-term care services is not only highly desirable, but the residents living in the village have even become "envied" by others. The growing trend of aging happily has changed the housing choices for the elderly. The conventional culture as “three generations should live together under one roof” has gradually declined in Taiwan. What are the factors that have been driving the elderly to choose leaving their sweet homes and moving into health-care villages voluntarily? This study conducted in-depth interviews with 10 residents and business operators from 4 different health-care villages in northern Taiwan, and analyzed the factors that motivate the elderly to choose living in a health-care village through the objective and comprehensive analysis of the 7 actors (residents) and 3 observers (operators). The study results showed that the influencing factors could be divided into external environments and internal factors. The external environment includes factors such as social atmosphere and economy, while internal factors such as family and personal mindset are also the key to affect the residents' decisions. In addition, the residents’ need for housing in their later years and their common personality traits are also aligned with Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. When the needs of physiologic, economic, safety and personal rights are satisfied, humans will further pursue knowledge and culture. Therefore, a high-end health-care village becomes one of the ideal choices for the elderly. The shift in consumer culture is also leading the future trend of Taiwan’s real estate. The next wave will be the era for the rise of healthy real estate. Building an age-friendly hardware environment is not the only element for future healthy real estate, but the living environment truly integrates medical care and seamless healthcare with the services such as the medical Internet of Things. Since “aging in place'' has its challenges, we should also pursue "aging in the right place" by proactively planning for later years, and enjoy the second beauty of life.