馬來西亞糧食安全，營養安全與糧食價格的關聯：目標規劃方法之應用

Linkage Between Food Security, Nutrition Security, and Food Cost in Malaysia: An Application of Goal Programming Approach

康楷叡(Kerry Kh’ng)

指導教授 ： 張靜貞

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/農業經濟學研究所/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201901783

摘要

無資料

關鍵字

Dietary intake pattern ； food and nutrition security ； food balance sheet ； goal programming ； Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) ； optimization

並列摘要

In recent years, rapid urbanization has inevitably brought about changes to the lifestyle of people as well as the food system. Food and nutrition security has become an important concern worldwide. In Malaysia, the fast-moving phase of industrialization and urbanization has impacted the lifestyle of the people. People shift food preferences when many more options are available in the food markets, especially when the influx of fast food industry during the last decades. Changes in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles had also led to the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases in Malaysia such as overweight and obesity. In terms of cost, EIU reported that Malaysia has the highest costs of obesity among countries like Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines, with estimations that is equivalent to 10% indirect and 19% direct costs of the national healthcare spending. Malaysian prevalence of overweight and obesity is also the highest among those countries.
In addition, the Department of Statistics Malaysia has reported that ischemic heart disease was the principal cause of death in 2016. Ischemic heart disease also known as coronary heart disease is a kind of disease that can lead to heart attack. Major risk factors that lead to such disease include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, overweight or obesity, metabolic syndrome, lack of physical activity, unhealthy diet and so forth.
This study aims to explore the supply side of food by using the food balance sheet of Malaysia to understand the sufficiency level of healthy food that had supplied to the people, as well as measuring their optimal dietary intake pattern with the application of an optimal dietary intake model using goal programming approach. Based on the revised Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) results, Malaysian adults were found to have consumed lesser milk and vegetables but more fishes, seafood, and eggs than required. In terms of nutrient, calcium was found to have consumed lesser in the diet of Malaysian adults.
By comparing the optimized results to Food Balance Sheet (FBS), the latter was found to had generally supplied more cereals, fishes, seafood, and eggs in the year 2003 and 2013 except meat and meat products which supplied lesser in the year 2003 and more in the year 2013. In addition, legumes, milk, vegetables, and fruits are foods that had supplied lesser than the optimal intakes in both years. In terms of nutrient, cereals and cereal products placed first in the contribution to energy, whereby, cereals also topped the chart for the other nutrients except for fat nutrient in FBS and MANS of the year 2013. Intake of fish, seafood, and eggs would require a reduction to an appropriate level. On the other hand, meat and meat products supply would require to decrease in order to comply with the optimum balance.
In terms of cost, Malaysian adults were on average required to spend RM 11.99 per day on food in the year 2003 and RM 13.15 per day in the year 2013. However, our estimated optimized costs indicated that Malaysian adults required to spend RM 10.49 and RM 15.57 per day on food for the year 2003 and 2013 respectively in order to attain healthier dietary intakes. Malaysians on average required a budget of at least 50% (RM 554.46) to the minimum wage of RM 1100 for food in order to achieve the optimized dietary intakes. In addition, Malaysia Employees Provident Fund (EPF) recently released an expenditure guide for Malaysian individuals and families indicated an individual who is single and a public transport user required a budget of RM 550 on food, which is equivalent to 29% of the overall budget of RM 1870 per month. Our estimated budget on food was found to be similar to the suggested budget. Hence, the realization of the higher cost associated with healthier dietary intake (Schröder et al., 2016; Ibnteesam Pondor et al., 2017) is expected to bring about a heavier burden to the low-income group who had been attached or is still attaching to the minimum wage.

並列關鍵字

Dietary intake pattern ； food and nutrition security ； food balance sheet ； goal programming ； Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) ； optimization

參考文獻

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