遊憩容納量的研究─以扇平森林生態科學園為例

A Study of Recreational Carrying Capacity in Shan-Ping Forest Ecological Garden.

林育正(Yu-Chen Lin)

指導教授 ： 李國忠

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/森林學研究所/碩士(2005年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2005.01798

摘要

本研究主要目的在探討容納量評估模式在區域間的應用，並選擇高雄縣扇平森林生態科學園為實證研究的地點。使用層級分析法(AHP)加上改進的戶外遊憩局(BOR)法與Boullón (1985)的公式來評估實質、生態容納量。而社會容納量則使用擁擠模式來評估遊客的擁擠感知。
在實質、生態容納量的資料蒐集部份使用AHP的成對比較問卷。填答問卷的為相關的專家或熟悉此議題的人士，且回答他們對實質、生態容納量因子的偏好，與在實質、生態環境上可接受的最大遊客密度。由這個問卷可用成對比較矩陣估算出專家們對各因子的平均權重，以這權重為基礎再以改進的BOR法來估算最適的遊客密度，而最適容納量與每日准許的遊客量則使用Boullón (1985)的公式來估算。
在社會容納量方面，本研究以Shelby (1980)綜合的擁擠模式與Manning (1999)擴充的擁擠模式為基礎設計本研究的擁擠模式來評估扇平遊客的擁擠感知。並根據擁擠模式做了13個關於擁擠與滿意度的假設。資料蒐集自167位遊客，調查時間為2004年3月13~14日、5月08~09日、11月13~14日三次。
最後並使用遊憩機會序列(ROS)來定義扇平的遊憩機會，以及使用遊客衝擊管理程序(VIM)來找出某些可用的策略，
AHP問卷結果為遊憩對實質、生態因子的影響以「生態與生物多樣性」的影響最大(權重為0.249)，其次依序為對「自然環境(權重為0.201)」、「自然環境教育(權重為0.152)」、「環境管理(權重為0.145)」、「人文(權重為0.132)」，與「經營管理(權重為0.121)」的影響，上述各因子權重加總為1。而最適容納量為0.0351 （人�㎡）與瞬間的351人。每日最大遊客量為1376人。
社會容納量的調查結果顯示遊客感知擁擠的情形並不明顯，大部分的遊客均不感到擁擠。影響扇平森林生態科學園的擁擠因子為遊客的「職業」、遊客「偏好原始型風景的程度」、以及遊客受到「同質遊客影響的程度」。
本研究將扇平定義為「自然路徑」的遊憩機會。而VIM法的替選方案本研究提出(1)規劃新的景點；(2)增加巡邏；(3)提高票價；(4)規劃解說服務的行程；(5)限制容納量；(6)臨時關閉；(7)永久關閉。經過與衝擊參數間比對優劣得失，發現並沒有完全最佳的經營方案。其中「規劃新的景點」與「規劃解說服務的行程」可以在目前先作，其他管理方案可在扇平得到較大的衝擊時考慮進行。

關鍵字

扇平森林生態科學園 ； 可接受改變限度 ； 擁擠模式 ； 層級分析法 ； 遊憩容納量

並列摘要

The purpose of this study was discussed the application of “recreational carrying capacity evaluate models” to local areas. The study was carried out in Shan-Ping Forest Ecological Garden in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. This study used the “Analytic Hierarchy Process” (AHP) with Modified “Bureau of Outdoor Recreation method” and a formula developed by Boullón (1985) to evaluate the “physical-ecological carrying capacity”. Social carrying capacity, on the other hand, used the “crowding model” to evaluate visitors’ perception.
The “physical-ecological carrying capacity”, data were collected through the AHP pairwise comparison questionnaires. The related experts or people who are familiar with this issue were filled out the questionnaires. They pointed out what they believe the important factors are affecting the “physical-ecological capacity” and maximum density of visitors that can be accommodated (by the park) based on this capacity. Based on the questionnaires, the pairwise comparison matrix was be used to calculate the average weight of all questionnaires. Then using this weight with modified BOR method to calculate the optimal visitors’ density, and using Boullón’s (1985) formula to calculate optimal carrying capacity and total numbers of visitors allowed daily.
As for the “social carrying capacity”, the crowding model of this study was developed based on two models, the comprehensive crowding model of Shelby (1980), and the expended crowding model of Manning (1999). Following the crowding model, 13 hypothesis about feeling crowded and level of satisfaction were be made. The data were collected from 167 forest visitors during three times: March 13~14, 2004, May 08~09 , 2004, and November 13~14, 2004.
Lastly, this study used the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) approach to define the recreational opportunity of Shan-Ping, and used Visitor Impact Management Process (VIM) to find out some alternative strategies.
Based on the AHP survey, the biggest impact form recreation has on the “Ecological and Biodiversity (the weight is 0.249)” is the most important factor about recreation’s effect. Others are “Natural Environment (the weight is 0.201)”, “Visitor Education (the weight is 0.152)”, “Environment Management (the weight is 0.145)”, “human culture(the weight is 0.132)”, “management (the weight is 0.121)”. The sum of the weight of all the above factors is one. The optimal capacity is 0.0351 people/m2, and 351 PAOTs, and 1376 visitors per day.
The results of the social carrying capacity survey showed that there was not an apparent perception of crowding by the visitors. Most people didn’t perceive crowding. The factors affecting the perception of crowding at Shan-Ping are visitor’s occupation, the level of preference to natural scenery, and the degree of influence they received from other visitors.
This study defines Shan-Ping as a “Roaded Natural” class of land. The alternatives of the VIM method proposed by this study are: (1)planning new sites in Shan-Ping; (2)increasing maintenance patrols; (3)raising the entrance fee; (4)planning the schedule of guided tours; (5)limiting the carrying capacity; (6)closing temporarily; and (7)closing permanent. After comparing the pros and cons between “impact factors”, there is not a perfect management policy. As for the above proposed alternatives, (1) and (4) can be carried out now. The other alternatives can be considered for implementation when Shan-Ping faces greater impact.

並列關鍵字

Shan-Ping Forest Ecological Garden ； Limits of Acceptable Change ； crowding model ； recreational carrying capacity ； Analytic Hierarchy Process

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