西班牙文動態事件樣貌與路徑表達方式之研究：以中文母語者為例

Expressing Manner and Path in Motion Events in Spanish by Mandarin Chinese Speakers

陳佳音(Chia-Ying Chen)

指導教授 ： 呂佳蓉

國立臺灣大學/文學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2014.02785

摘要

本研究基於Slobin (1996a, 1996b) 語言與思維關係假說理論和Talmy (1985, 1991, 2000)動態事件類型學框架，探討台灣以中文為母語的西班牙語學習者如何描述動態事件。根據語言與思維關係假說，每一個語言在動態事件中關注的細節有所不同，而其母語者則被訓練成在理解和表達訊息時的即時思維上會特別關注這些細節，這種來自母語語言類型特徵的影響深遠，且難以重構。中文允許將路徑與樣貌表現於兩個均勢的主要動詞中，伴隨著表達目標的介詞片語，藉以表達所有的動態事件，因此中文對於樣貌與路徑的關注較為平均，因此被歸類為均势框架语言(equipollently-framed language)；而西班牙文則較關注路徑，將路徑表達在主要動詞中，對於樣貌的描述則相對較少，西班牙文在用主要動詞表達整體樣貌時有所謂的界線跨越限制(boundary-crossing constraint)( Slobin and Hoiting 1994)，即大部分包含界線跨越的動態事件只允許使用路徑動詞作為主要動詞，而中文對於樣貌動詞的使用則沒有此限制。根據這個觀察，本研究涉及台灣學習者在動態事件中選擇樣貌動詞與路徑動詞的議題，尤其是在包含跨越界線的動態事件。
本研究的引導作業由26個動畫短片組成，其中一半描述跨越界線的動態事件，另一半描述非跨越界線的動態事件。14位西班牙語母語人士、15位中文母語人士，以及31位台灣籍的西班牙語學習者參與本研究。學習者的西班牙語程度也納入考慮因素。收集到的語料分別以兩個主要的分析視角來檢視──融合模式以及動態事件構式。
本研究發現：(1)在描述跨越界線與非跨越界線的動態事件時，學習者的融合模式與目標語的表現不同，尤其是在界線跨越動態事件中差異更為顯著。學習者過度使用樣貌動詞且違反界線跨越限制，這或許能歸因於L1轉移。(2)學習者很少以動名詞表達動作樣貌，反而融合動作樣貌在主要動詞之中。他們以助詞或介詞表達跨越界線，產生不像目標語的句子(如：*nadar de ‘swim off/from’)，或是偏離語意的句子(如：correr en ‘run in’)。(3)學習者目標語的程度高不表示能成功學習動態事件。隨著學習者目標語的程度越高，他們似乎越偏離目標語中的融合規律，且L1轉移現象也越加明顯。壓抑L1轉移現象其中一個因素可能是學習者缺乏描述動作方式的詞彙。這些發現呼應了Caroll and von Stutterhiem (2003: 398)「L1習得過程中成形的概念性組織原則」保留的相關論述以及Slobin (1996b)認為母語中的動態類型特徵的影響深遠，且難在學習其他外語時有所改變。

關鍵字

動態事件 ； 語言習得 ； 空間語言

並列摘要

The present study aims to investigate how adult language learners of Spanish whose L1 is Mandarin Chinese express motion events in the target language based on Slobin’s (1996a, 1996b) thinking-for-speaking hypothesis and Talmy’s (1985, 1991, 2000) typological framework. In Mandarin Chinese, both Manner and Path can be conflated in the main verb co-occurring with a prepositional phrase that denotes a Goal in all motion events, while in Spanish only path verbs are allowed in most of the boundary-crossing events. Based on this observation, this study concerns the issue of Taiwanese learners’ choices for manner and path verbs in motion events, particularly in boundary-crossing motion events.
The elicitation task of the present study consists of 26 animated videos, half of which depicts boundary-crossing and the other half depicts non-boundary-crossing events. Fourteen Spanish native speakers, 15 Mandarin Chinese speakers and 31 Taiwanese learners of Spanish participated in the study. Learners’ proficiency levels in Spanish are also taken into consideration. Two major analyses - the conflation patterns and motion event constructions - are conducted to examine the data collected.
The findings are: (1) Learners behave differently from Spanish native speakers with respect to the conflation patterns and motion event constructions. (2) Learners’ conflation patterns are particularly non-target-like when describing boundary-crossing events. Learners overuse manner verbs, which may be ascribed to L1 transfer. (3) Learners seldom express Manner in the gerunds but conflate Manner in the main verb. They express the crossing of a boundary in a particle or a preposition, which often result in non-target-like sentences (e.g., *nadar de ‘swim off/from’) or sentences which deviate from the intended meaning (e.g., correr en ‘run in’). (4) The high proficiency level in the target language does not necessarily lead to successful acquisition of motion events. In this study, as learners become more proficient in the target language, they seem to deviate from target-like conflation patterns and the L1 transfer becomes more evident. One of the possible factors that suppress L1 transfer is learners’ lack of vocabulary to describe Manner. These findings are not only in line with Caroll and von Stutterhiem’s (2003: 398) statement concerning the retention of “principles of conceptual organisation as constituted in the course of L1 acquisition,” and Slobin’s (1996b) claim that the training on thinking-for-speaking patterns one receives in childhood is “exceptionally resistant to restructuring in adult second-language acquisition.”

並列關鍵字

motion event ； language acquisition ； spatial language

參考文獻

Aske, Jon (1989). Path predicates in English and Spanish: a closer look. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (pp. 1-14).

Cadierno, Teresa (2004). Expressing motion events in a second language: A cognitive typological approach. In M. Achard and S. Neimeier (Eds), Cognitive Linguistics, Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Pedagogy. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.

Carroll, Mary and von Stutterheim, Christiane (2003). Typology and information organization: Perspective taking and language-specific effects in the construction of events. In A. Ramat (ed.), Typology and second language acquisition, (pp. 365-402). Berlin: de Gruyter.

Chen, Liang (2005). The Acquisition and Use of Motion Event Expressions in Chinese, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Louisiana at Lafayette.

Cifuentes Honrubia, Jose Luis (1999). Sintaxis y semantica del movimiento. Alicante: Instituto de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert.