臺灣的淡水橈足類生物防治病媒蚊之評估

Evaluation of Freshwater Copepods on Mosquito Control in Taiwan

蔡承晏(Cheng-Yen Tsai)

指導教授 ： 蔡坤憲

共同指導教授 ： 王根樹

國立臺灣大學/公共衛生學院/環境衛生研究所/碩士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2011.10907

摘要

淡水橈足類生物具有防除病媒蚊的能力，將其應用在病媒蚊的生物性防治，可以減少化學藥劑性防治之使用，避免對生態環境造成二次的破壞，將此生態友善的概念應用於控制病媒蚊才是生態永續的經營方式。本研究透過分析臺灣兩種原生橈足類：糙角中劍水蚤(Mesocyclops aspericornis Daday)和鄔氏中劍水蚤(M. woutersi Van de Velde)對台灣常見病媒蚊:埃及斑蚊(Aedes aegypti Linnaeus)、白線斑蚊(Aedes albopictus Skuse)與三斑家蚊(Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles)和常見騷擾性蚊種:地下家蚊(Culex pipiens form molestus Forskal)、白腹叢蚊(Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett)等防治效果，建立實驗室數據，評估實際進行戶外實驗或應用的可能性。本研究針對橈足類生物捕食孑孓的捕食率進行分析，評估實際應用的防治效果。根據野外採集結果，目前發現臺灣有10種原生橈足類生物，包含：龜背溫劍水蚤(Thermocyclops decipiens Fischer)、北碚中劍水蚤(Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu)、奧貢中劍水蚤(M. ogunnus Onabamiro)、厚溫劍水蚤(T. crassus Fischer)、鄔氏中劍水蚤(M. woutersi Van de Velde)、糙角中劍水蚤(M. aspericornis Daday)、白體刺劍水蚤(Acanthocyclops cf. trajani Mirabdullayev & Defaye)、溫中劍水蚤(M. thermocyclopoides Harada)、羅威溫劍水蚤(T. rylovi Smirnov)以及真劍水蚤屬(Eucyclops spp.)。針對埃及斑蚊的防治，鄔氏中劍水蚤貢寮品系的捕食率(72.60±0.09%)高於糙角中劍水蚤宜蘭品系(47.80±0.15%)和鄔氏中劍水蚤宜蘭品系(43.80±0.10%)，各種品系中劍水蚤間防治效果出現顯著差異(df=2, F=18.10, p<0.0001)。防治白線斑蚊孑孓時，鄔氏中劍水蚤貢寮品系捕食率(52.60±0.16%)與糙角中劍水蚤宜蘭品系(38.60±0.13%)、鄔氏中劍水蚤宜蘭品系(46.40±0.13%)則不具顯著差異(df=2, F=2.53, p=0.0982)。防治經72小時後，各品系中劍水蚤防治埃及斑蚊或白線斑蚊捕食率差異減少或無顯著差異。針對三斑家蚊孑孓的防治，糙角中劍水蚤與鄔氏中劍水蚤的捕食率各為17.78±0.09%和16.22±0.03%，與捕食埃及斑蚊和白線斑蚊孑孓的捕食率有顯著差異(df=2, F=14.77, p<0.0001和df=2, F=27.16, p<0.0001)。鄔氏中劍水蚤貢寮品系和糙角中劍水蚤宜蘭品系於白線斑蚊孑孓(11.70±3.71%和8.40±4.50%)與埃及斑蚊孑孓(16.30±4.67%和18.40±3.03%)共存時偏好捕食埃及斑蚊孑孓，具有顯著的捕食選擇性(df=1, t=2.44, p=0. 03和df=1, t=5.83, p<0.01)，因此針對不同種類和密度的孑孓，應選擇適當的防治材料。野外實驗結果則顯示長期防治下，水體若含有糙角中劍水蚤或鄔氏中劍水蚤則孑孓存活率可長期維持為0%，有顯著防治成效。
本研究特色在於：1)記載多種臺灣尚無記錄之淡水橈足類物種。2)臺灣首次利用本土採集之橈足類進行蚊蟲防治之能力探討。3)比較防治臺灣兩種登革熱病媒斑蚊之能力。4)分析區域化下同物種橈足類捕食能力之差異。5)利用誘蚊產卵器放置法替代橈足類直接野放法。

關鍵字

生物防治 ； 橈足類 ； 糙角中劍水蚤 ； 鄔氏中劍水蚤 ； 埃及斑蚊 ； 白線斑蚊 ； 三斑家蚊

並列摘要

Biological control of disease vectors is an ecologically sound approach for the better sustainability. This study focused on the use of copepods to control larvae of the mosquito vectors, and the evaluation of the release of copepods as an eco-friendly alternative strategy for the biological control of disease vectors. By testing the indigenous Mesocyclops species to control mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens form molestus and Armigeres subalbatus to establish lab data and assess the potential application in the field. The predation rates between different copepods and different mosquitoe larvae can be valueable for the evaluation of the potential for further application in the field. Ten indiginous species of copepods in Taiwan including Thermocyclops decipiens Fischer, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu, M. ogunnus Onabamiro, T. crassus Fischer, M. woutersi Van de Velde, M. aspericornis Daday, Acanthocyclops cf. trajani Mirabdullayev & Defaye, M. thermocyclopoides Harada and T. rylovi Smirnov and Eucyclops spp.were collected in this studied.
Mesocyclops woutersi, Gong-liao (GL) had a significantly (df=2, F=18.10, p<0.0001) higher predation rate (72.60±0.09%) on Ae. aegypti than M. aspericornis, I-lan (IL) (47.80±0.15%) and M. woutersi collected in I-lan (IL). (43.80±0.10%) did. However, no significant (df=2, F=2.53, p=0.0982) was observed among M. woutersi (GL) (52.60±0.16%), M. sapericornis (IL) (38.60±0.13%) and M. woutersi (IL) (46.40±0.13%) in their efficiency of predation on Ae. albopictus. The efficieny in controling Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus was not significantly differenct after 72 hours among three strains of copepods. For Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the predation rates were 17.78±0.09% and 16.22±0.03% by M. aspericornis, and M. woutersi with significant differences (df=2, F=14.77, p<0.0001 and df=2, F=27.16，p<0.0001). By mixing Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus larvae, it shows that M. woutersi (GL) (predation rate are18.40±3.03% and 8.40±4.50%) and M. aspericornis (IL) (predation rate are 16.30±4.67% and 11.70±3.71%) had the preference in predating Ae. aegypti (df=1, t=2.44, p=0. 03 and df=1, t=5.83, p<0.01), implying the potential application of such preference for the control of vector species with specific distribution and importance in disease transmission. In the field test, it showed significantly mosquito control effect characterized by the absence of the mosquito larva in the water with M. aspericornis or M. woutersi.
The significance and innovation of this study are: 1) the identification of copepod species which are collected in Taiwan for the first time, 2) the first time to demonstrate the potential application of freshwater copepods for the biological control of mosquito larvae in Taiwan, 3) the comparison of predation rates of two vectors responsible for the transmission of dengue virus among different copepod species, 4) analysis on the effects of copepod predation in various geographically distinct locations, and 5) the utilization of ovitraps to replace the releasing method for spreading the copepods.

並列關鍵字

Biocontrol ； copepod ； Mesocyclops aspericornis ； M. woutersi ； Aedes aegypti ； Ae. albopictus ； Culex tritaeniorhynchus

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