美國代理孕母法制之研究

近年來，鑒於不孕夫妻、單身者及同性伴侶對於渴望擁有子女之需求，代孕生殖之安排日漸普遍。全球各國對於代理孕母之法律規範均有所不同，美國各州間亦然，有完全禁止代理孕母契約之州法，亦有允許者。對於欲透過人工輔助技術進行生殖之人士而言，加州以其發展成熟之代理孕母制度及完善的立法規範，提供了相當代孕友善之環境。至今，我國對於是否開放代理孕母制度仍未加以規範。為了保障不孕夫妻之權益，我國立法委員於2020年提出人工生殖法部分條文修正草案，將代理孕母制度納入我國人工生殖法之範疇。本論文共分為五章，第一章為緒論，包含本論文之研究動機、研究範圍、研究方法及研究架構等。代理孕母制度之概說列於第二章，其中探討代理孕母之定義及範圍，並分析代理孕母制度之爭議及正反論點。第三章為代理孕母之美國立法例，依序針對美國代孕爭訟之濫觴Baby M案、美國代孕法規範、美國代孕親子關係認定之判決、加州代孕法制及其立法沿革等內容進行介紹。最後，於第四章及第五章之處，首先探討我國代孕制度立法規範之現況，進而針對2020年版本之人工生殖法修正草案進行評析，以探究我國實施代理孕母制度之可行性及未來發展性。

關鍵字

代孕；代理孕母；借腹型代孕；基因型代孕；人工生殖；預期父母；不孕

並列摘要

Surrogacy arrangements are becoming increasingly common with the growing demand from infertile couples, single parents and homosexuals. However, surrogacy laws vary worldwide. The law of surrogacy in the U.S. is in a state of flux ranging from banning surrogacy contracts to enforcing them. As a surrogacy-friendly state, California provides an exceptionally welcoming atmosphere for those contemplating the use of assisted reproductive technologies with its developed surrogacy system and well-established legislation. In Taiwan, however, the law remains silent on this matter. In order to protect the rights and interests of infertile couples, a draft amendment to the Assisted Reproduction Act has been proposed by Taiwanese legislators in 2020, thereby creating regulatory provisions governing gestational surrogacy in Taiwan. The concept of surrogacy begins in Chapter 2 where the definition and scope of surrogate motherhood are laid out, followed by the analysis of the controversy and debates over surrogacy. Chapter 3 introduces the landmark Baby M case, in which the U.S. Supreme Court addressed profound social issues concerning the enforceability of surrogacy contracts and the constitutional concerns this case raises. The surrogacy law and policy in the U.S. will also be outlined in this chapter, beginning with the federal legislation and the various legal theories the U.S. courts use to decide parenthood disputes arising from surrogacy contracts. Then, the state legislation and legislative history of surrogacy in California. Finally, Chapters 4 and 5 present the current legislative landscape on surrogacy in Taiwan and the comments on the draft amendment to the Assisted Reproduction Act so as to explore the feasibility of legalizing surrogacy in Taiwan.