代孕親子關係之研究－以美國法為借鏡

人工生殖技術的出現使得人類得以突破生理上的限制來進行生育，其中因生理上的缺陷、疾病或健康因素考量而無法藉由自己的子宮進行生育的女性以及男同性配偶可藉由代孕的方式生下自己的子女。然而，由於我國對於代孕生殖可能造成的社會、倫理問題仍有疑慮，因此遲遲無法完成代孕生殖的立法程序。本文透過文獻分析、比較法等研究方式，研究我國及美國在自然生殖、人工生殖、代孕生殖的親子關係建立規範，並嘗試提出對於我國未來代孕親子關係法制之建議。本文第二章分析我國現行民法親子關係建立之規範，並歸納出有婚姻家庭安定性、血統真實以及子女最佳利益等三個重要考量因素。在近年親屬法的發展中，更是以子女最佳利益最為重要。此外，在現行民法收養制度的發展上，更是導入了公權力(法院)介入、要式書面契約、法院以子女最佳利益進行收養裁定許可等制度。而在人工生殖法方面，則是透過進行合法的人工生殖程序並得到配偶的同意後，便直接將人工生殖子女視為婚生子女。在分析完我國自然生殖、人工生殖等親子關係建立的規範模式後，本文第三章則是針對美國的親子關係建立以及代孕制度進行研究。透過統一人工受孕子女法律地位法、管制人工生殖技術模範法典以及統一親子法等三個模範法典以及數個重要代孕判決之內容分析，本文認為美國代孕法制在近年的發展上開始著重借腹型代孕與基因型代孕的區分，並給予不同的規範強度。此外，亦意識到人工生殖與代孕生殖性質上的差異，並發展出不同的規範內容。同時，美國的代孕法制亦盡量列舉代孕親子關係的配套規範、提供爭端解決機制，以求完整的規範代孕親子關係。最後，本文第四章著重於我國代孕制度的發展脈絡以及實務的現況。在探究我國各代孕立法草案、法院判決、行政機關函釋、公民共識會議結論報告以及學說見解後，本文結合我國自然生殖與人工生殖規範中建立親子關係的重要考量因素，並結合美國代孕規範、實務判決的經驗，本文提出：以人工生殖法作為立法借鏡、區分基因型代孕與借腹型代孕兩種代孕類型、引入公權力監督機制保障各方利益、以子女最佳利益作為親子關係建立的核心原則、提供健全配套措施、開放同性配偶使用代孕生殖等六項我國未來代孕法制之建議。

關鍵字

代孕生殖；親子關係建立；子女最佳利益；美國法研究

並列摘要

The appearance of artificial reproductive technology enables human beings to overcome the biological barrier to procreation. Women who cannot be born through their own uterus due to physical defects, illnesses or health factors, as well as gay spouses, can give birth to their children by surrogacy. However, due to the doubts about the social and ethical problems that may be caused by surrogate reproduction in our country, there is no complete legislative procedure for surrogacy. Through literature analysis and comparative research methods, this thesis studies the establishment of norms of parentage about natural reproduction, artificial reproduction and surrogate reproduction in our country and the United States, and attempts to propose several advices for the future legal system of surrogacy in our country. In chapter 2, this thesis analyzes the norms of the establishment of parentage in our civil in our country, and summarizes three important considerations such as the stability of the marriage and family, the genetic connection and the best interests of the children. In the development of the family law in recent years, it is most important to the best interests of the children. In addition, in the development of adoption system, it is introduced into the system of public power (court) intervention, written contract, and considerations about the best interests of the child when the court validate the adoption. In the case of artificial reproduction, the child is directly treated as a legitimate child by carrying out a legal artificial reproductive procedure and obtaining the consent of the spouse. After analyzing the norms of the establishment of parentage in natural reproduction and artificial reproduction in our country, chapter 3 of this thesis is to study the establishment of parentage and surrogacy system in the United States. Through the analysis of the three model codes of the Uniform Status of Children of Assisted Conception Act (USCACA), the Model Act Governing Assisted Reproductive Technology (MAGART) and the Uniform Parentage Act (UPA), and the analysis of several important surrogacy judgments, this thesis regards that the American surrogacy system has begun to focus on the distinguishment between gestational surrogacy and genetic surrogacy, and give different normative strength. Also, American surrogacy system awares of the differences between artificial reproduction and surrogacy, so that it develops different normative content. Futhermore , the American surrogacy system also tries to enumerate the supporting norms of surrogate parent-child relationship and provide a dispute resolution mechanism in order to completely regulate the surrogate parent-child relationship. Finally, chapter 4 of this thesis focuses on the development of the surrogacy system in our country. After exploring the draft legislation on surrogacy in our country, the judgment of the court, the interpretation of the administrative organ, the conclusion report of the civic consensus meeting, and the insights of the law professor, this thesis combines the important considerations of establishing parentage in the norms of natural reproduction and artificial reproduction in our country, and combines the American surrogacy norms and the judgment, this thesis conclude six advices for future surrogacy norms in our country: artificial breeding method as a legal framework, distinguish between genotype surrogate and borrowing abdomen surrogate two types of surrogacy, introduce public power supervision mechanism to protect the interests of all parties, the best interests of children as a parent-child relationship, the provision of supporting measures, and the opening of same-sex couples to use surrogacy.