溫室氣體排放與經濟成長脫鈎相關政策工具之探討-OECD選樣國家為例

自1990年代以來，國際間針對氣候變遷議題已有廣泛討論，也針對氣候變遷發布各項報告書，諸如：World Bank Group(2017)、Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,OECD (2019)、World Bank Group(2020)等，各國亦紛紛提出改善溫室氣體排放量的各項政策工具，尤以制定相關環境稅制為重要政策之一。OECD國家的綠色稅制主要以能源稅及碳稅為主，自1990年起，芬蘭開始徵收碳稅後，其餘國家亦陸續跟進。2021年11月，全球共計197個國家將於蘇格蘭舉行第26屆聯合國氣候變化大會（COP 26），該會議關注的重點除了檢討自COP21巴黎協定後各國的減碳行動，更是強調如何實現淨零排放（Net-zero emissions）、碳中和（Carbon neutral）及氣候中性（Climate neutral）等原則，以此作為2030年期望達成的減排目標。據此，本文乃選取OECD共計32個選樣國家為研究對象，採用縱橫資料設立方程式模型，探討經濟發展、能源消費、貿易條件、環境稅（費）對於溫室氣體排放的影響。實證結果發現，OECD國家符合環境顧志耐曲線(Environmental Kuznets Curve，EKC)，且僅能源消費對於溫室氣體排放呈正向顯著影響，而貿易條件與環境稅（費）對於溫室氣體排放皆呈負向顯著影響。據此，推論其政策意涵並提出相關建議，包括：OECD有效率的控制溫室氣體排放，經濟的發展是不可小覷的力量；在能源消費中，若汙染能源佔比較低，亦有抑制溫室氣體的排放量的效果；在貿易條件上，若一國主要進口高污染產品，出口低汙染商品，亦有抑制溫室氣體的排放量的效果；而好的環境稅（費）的實施，有利於降低溫室氣體的排放，對於改善環境品質，頗具助益。再者，依據OECD國家所採行政策工具，對於溫室氣體排放（Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions）影響之政策意涵，提供台灣為達成減碳目標制定相關環境政策之參考。

關鍵字

環境顧志耐曲線；溫室氣體排放；經濟成長；能源消費；貿易條件；環境稅（費）

並列摘要

Since the 1990, the issue of climate change has been wildly discussed from the international community, and released repots about climate change, such as World Bank Group(2017)、Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,OECD(2019)、World Bank Group(2020). Many countries have also proposed various policy instruments to improve greenhouse gas emissions, especially, making the related environmental tax system as one of the important policies. The green tax system of OECD countries is mainly based on energy tax and carbon tax. Since 1990, after Finland began to levy carbon tax, other countries have also followed it up. In November 2021, 197 countries around the world will hold the 26th Conferences of the Parties (COPs 26) in Scotland. The purpose of the conference is not only to review the carbon reduction actions of countries since the COPs21 Paris Agreement, but also to emphasize how to achieve the principles of net-zero emissions, carbon neutral, and climate neutral to implement emission reduction targets in 2030. Based on those, this article selects 32 OECD sample countries as the research object, and uses Panel Data to establish an equation model to explore the impact of economic development, energy consumption, terms of trade, and environmental taxes on greenhouse gas emissions. The empirical results found that OECD countries conform to the EKC hypothesis, and only energy consumption has a positive and significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions, while terms of trade and environmental taxes both have a negative and significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Based on this, we deduced its policy implications and put forward relevant recommendations, including: OECD effectively controls greenhouse gas emissions, economic development is a force that cannot be underestimated; energy consumption, if the proportion of polluting energy is relatively low, it will also curb greenhouse gas emissions. In terms of trade terms, if a country mainly imports high-polluting products and exports low-polluting products, it will also have the effect of suppressing greenhouse gas emissions; and the implementation of good environmental taxes is conducive to Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and quite helpful for improving the quality of the environment. Furthermore, based on the policy tools adopted by OECD countries, the policy implications for the impact of GHG emissions provide a reference for Taiwan to make relevant environmental policies for achieving carbon reduction targets.