孟子「成德之教」的再詮釋
--從當代孟子學的詮釋爭議到孟子人性論的重建

本文嘗試透過對當代重要的孟子研究成果之回顧與反省，從中對比其異同，通過詮釋學的反省，將孟子人性論的實踐意涵召喚出來，使理解、詮釋，落實到具體生活實踐中。本文撰述內容，主要順著以下三個議題展開： 1、孟子的人性關懷裡，是否涵蘊著某種形上學？這種形上智慧又具有什麼型態，足以與西方傳統形上學有所區別。 2、孟子人性論是一種主體性哲學，還是一種接近海德格實存哲學進路的人性觀？ 3、辨識孟子成德之教，究竟是一種「規則倫理」？還是「德性倫理」？還是有其他的詮釋進路。筆者試圖透過對比對前輩研究成果之回顧與反思，提出不同的詮釋，最主要是要跳脫西方哲學思考脈絡，不採用西方本質主義理路，因為「主體性」這個近代西方哲學概念，容易引起誤解，嘗試從「人如何成德」的這個脈絡出發，回到孟子文本進行解讀。孟子的「性」不是被給定的概念，而是不斷向歷史典範人物學習、實踐的過程，涵蓋人的存在的整個生涯，強調其動態的、不斷發展轉化的生命歷程，故將孟子的人性論理解為一種重視實踐、教養、教化，關懷人如何實現自我的生命的學問，將孟子思想義理型態判定為「成德之教」。

關鍵字

孟子；人性論；成德之教；實存哲學；主體性

並列摘要

This dissertation tries to compare and contrast contemporary reviews and reflections on Mencius Studies, to call for the practical meaning of his “Virtues Cultivation,” and to implement the understanding and interpretations into everyday life. It is developed based on the following three issues: 1. It asks whether Mencius theory of Human Nature has the Metaphysical connotations. What is the uniqueness of the Mencius Metaphysics, which can be differentiated from the Western Metaphysics? 2. It asks also whether Mencius Theory of Human Nature is a philosophy of “Subjectivity” or an approach to Heideggerian Existence Philosophy. 3. Then, it asks whether Mencius Virtues Cultivation is a kind of “Normative Ethics” or “Virtue Ethics.” Are there other possible interpretations of it? In this dissertation, I try to review the achievements of Contemporary Mencius interpretations and go a step further for a different view. Instead of taking it in the sense of Western theories of “Essentialism” or “Subjectivity,” I re-examine Mencius texts and explore the contexts of “how people cultivate virtues.” In this sense, Mencius idea of “nature” is not a given idea, but a process of learning and practicing from role models in past dynasties. It covers one’s whole life and features the dynamic and ever-transforming process. In conclusion, this dissertation reads Mencius Theory of Human Nature—Mencius Virtues Cultivation—a life philosophy of self-realization, which gives weight to practice, cultivation and enlightenment.