金屬製品製造業勞工重金屬暴露與健康風險評估

金屬製品製造業為各種消費性產品、建築工具和用材的上游，主要製造電子與半導體、運輸工具等基本零組件，該行業屬於勞力密集產業，作業過程中可能產生之危害因子包涵噪音、金屬粉塵、有機溶劑及酸霧滴等暴露危害。金屬製品製造業包括的範圍廣，且作業方式多元，所造成的危害因子呈現多元性與異質性，而相關研究中，大多僅對單一行業進行不同區域之作業環境危害暴露評估，本研究將針對金屬製品製造業不同行業別及常見製程的金屬粉塵及成份特徵進行整合性評估，探討各行業別重金屬粉塵危害差異，及其高暴露製程進行調查。本研究選擇六種不同行業分類之金屬製品製造業場所，以勞動部公告之方法CLA3011進行作業環境之金屬粉塵暴露採樣及以感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜分析儀(ICP-OES)進行重金屬成份分析，健康風險評估係參考美國環保署（U.S. EPA）–綜合風險訊息系統（IRIS）及我國勞動部提出之「健康風險評估技術規範」所述方法，並加入現今我國人口結構之相關資訊針對勞工個人採樣之濃度進行吸入途徑之健康風險評估，提出符合我國勞工的風險數值。針對較高暴露濃度之製程區進行作業環境控制、建立改善策略，以提供主管機關、事業單位及作業勞工參考運用。研究結果顯示，少數事業單位之暴露濃度超過容許暴露標準，如金屬鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)及鐵(Fe)，以行業別C2512及C2522有較之高暴露濃度，如D工廠鎳(0.330mg/m3)、E工廠鈷(0.067 mg/m3)、M工廠鐵(26.00mg/m3)等，各行業別之金屬成分特徵分析結果顯示，大多以鐵為主要的暴露金屬元素，其次為鋁、鎳，其中鎳金屬平均濃度最高之行業別為C2511平均濃度0.149mg/m3，超過容許暴露濃度(0.100mg/m3)。金屬製品製造業中常見製程之暴露濃度較高的區域分別為熔解區(0.009~6.090mg/m3)、噴砂區(0.004~5.930mg/m3)及造模區(0.00002~2.820mg/m3)。致癌風險以行業別C2512及C2522有高於職場可接受風險10-4的狀況，如E工廠(0.0295)、M工廠(0.0177)，常見製程中致癌風險前三高為熔解區(0.0085)、噴砂區(0.0070)及研磨區(0.0053)。非致癌風險之HQ大於1，以M工廠最高(3.75)，D工廠次高(2.31)，各製程區域則是以熔解區(2.03)、造模區(1.44)及噴砂區(1.31)有較高非致癌風險。考量算術平均數易受極端數值的影響，因此以中位數進行健康風險評估，以行業別C2522有較高之終生致癌風險(0.0018)，非致癌風險中HQ最高的行業別為C2522(0.322)；各製程別之致癌風險，以噴砂區為最高0.0085，電鍍區(0.0052)次高，非致癌風險HQ大於1的製程分別為噴砂區(2.03)及電鍍區(1.44)。針對金屬刀具及手工具製造業(C2511)、金屬模具製造業(C2512)及金屬建築組件製造業(C2522)，金屬暴露濃度高於容許暴露標準者，應採取有效控制措施，並於完成改善後重新評估，確保勞工暴露濃度低於容許暴露標準，建議加強熔解區及噴砂區之通風排氣設計，降低勞工暴露風險，並應就製程設備、作業程序或作業方法確實落實實施檢點，引入專業技術團隊設計改善安全衛生設備及相關措施，以降低勞工之暴露風險。主管機關對此類行業應加強安全衛生輔導與檢查，才能提供勞工完整之保護。

關鍵字

金屬製品製造業；金屬粉塵；感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜分析儀；健康風險評估

並列摘要

The metal product manufacturing industry is the upstream of various consumer products, construction tools and materials. It mainly manufactures basic components such as electronics and semiconductors and transportation tools. This industry is a labor-intensive industry, and the hazards that may be generated during the operation include exposure hazards such as noise, metal dust, organic solvents, and acid droplets. The metal product manufacturing industry includes a wide range and diverse operation methods. The resulting hazard factors are diverse and heterogeneous, and in related research, most of the work environment hazard exposure assessments in different regions are conducted on a single industry. This study will conduct an integrated assessment of the metal dust and composition characteristics of different industries and common processes in the metal product manufacturing industry. And to explore the differences in the hazards of heavy metal dust in various industries and investigate the high-exposure process. This study selects six metal product manufacturing sites in different industry classifications. Refer to the method CLA3011 announced by the Ministry of Labor for metal dust exposure sampling in the working environment. And use inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) for heavy metal composition analysis. Health risk assessment refers to the methods described in the "Health Risk Assessment Technical Specification" proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)-Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) and the Ministry of Labor. In addition, the relevant information about the current population structure of our country is added, and the health risk assessment of the inhalation route is carried out according to the concentration of the individual laborers. And then put forward the risk value in line with our country's labor. Control the operating environment and establish improvement strategies for the process areas with higher exposure concentrations. To provide reference and application for competent authorities, institutions and labor. Research results show that the exposure concentration of a few testing units exceeds the allowable exposure standards, such as metallic cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe). C2512 and C2522 have higher exposure concentrations in the industry, such as D factory nickel (0.330mg/m3), E factory cobalt (0.067 mg/m3), M factory iron (26.00mg/m3) and so on. The analysis results of the metal composition characteristics of various industries show that iron is the main exposed metal element, followed by aluminum and nickel. Among them, the industry with the highest average concentration of nickel metal is C2511 with an average concentration of 0.149mg/m3, which exceeds the allowable exposure concentration (0.100mg/m3). The areas with higher exposure concentrations in common processes in metal product manufacturing are melting zone (0.009~6.090mg/m3), sandblasting zone (0.004~5.930mg/m3) and modeling zone (0.00002~2.820mg/m3). The carcinogenic risk in the industry categories C2512 and C2522 is 10-4 higher than the acceptable risk in the workplace, such as E factory (0.0295) and M factory (0.0177). The top three highest carcinogenic risks in common manufacturing processes are melting zone (0.0085), sandblasting zone (0.0070) and grinding zone (0.0053). The non-carcinogenic risk of HQ is greater than 1, with factory M being the highest (3.75) and factory D being the next highest (2.31). In each process area, melting area (2.03), modeling area (1.44) and sandblasting area (1.31) have higher non-carcinogenic risks. Considering that the arithmetic mean is vulnerable to extreme values, the median is used for health risk assessment. In the industry category C2522 has a higher lifetime carcinogenic risk (0.0018), and the industry category with the highest HQ among non-carcinogenic risks is C2522 (0.322). The carcinogenic risk of each process is 0.0085 in the sandblasting area and the second highest in the electroplating area (0.0052). The processes where the non-carcinogenic risk HQ is greater than 1 are sandblasting zone (2.03) and electroplating zone (1.44). For metal knives and hand tool manufacturing (C2511), metal mold manufacturing (C2512) and metal building component manufacturing (C2522), where the metal exposure concentration is higher than the allowable exposure standard, effective control measures should be taken. And re-evaluate after completing the improvement to ensure that the labor exposure concentration is below the allowable exposure standard. It is recommended to strengthen the ventilation and exhaust design of the melting zone and sandblasting zone to reduce the risk of labor exposure. In addition, checkpoints should be implemented on process equipment, operating procedures or operating methods. Introduce a professional technical team to design and improve safety and health equipment and related measures to reduce labor exposure risks. The competent authority should strengthen safety and health guidance and inspections for such industries in order to provide complete protection of labor.