清代宮廷藥物：物質、制度與政治網絡

滿洲人入關以後，面對明、清新舊政權嬗替的局面，為使國家機器得以在短時間內恢復運作，以發揮統治效力，清朝部分沿襲明代典章制度。惟不僅在政治制度上如此，醫藥制度亦面臨類似的情況。本文的宗旨之一即在於探討清宮製藥核心──御藥房如何承襲明朝舊有制度，且如何隨著政治局勢的變化來調整或進行改革，進而發展出自己的特色。再者，皇帝是宮廷政治權力的中心，在醫藥機構穩定運作之後，藥物成了皇帝手中可運用的資源之一，在此情況下，用以醫治疾病的藥物，如何轉換成為政治權力的工具，此乃本文的宗旨之二。在深入探究之後，本文認為政治局勢對醫藥機構和制度發展的影響、清廷對藥物來源的涉入，以及皇帝對藥物運用的控制和操作，一同構築了清宮醫藥的權力和政治運作網絡；有時，王公大臣、宮廷醫者、外國使節、耶穌會士、民間藥商，以及不同民族、相異語言文化之醫藥知識和醫學文本亦參與其中，一齊形塑出清代宮廷醫藥錯綜複雜且動態的結構。本文向讀者展示了清宮之中人與物、藥物與政治網絡之間繁複的互動關係。原來用以治病的藥物進入宮廷場域之後，透過相關制度，轉化成為權力的工具，在政治網絡中靈活運作。統治者透過醫藥來達到統御之目的，藥物因而落入政治的支配範圍或操控的運作手段，變成政治統御的輔助工具，進而成為統治體制的一環。

關鍵字

清宮醫藥；御藥房；德里鴉噶藥；錠子藥；醫療政治

並列摘要

In the face of regime transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty, the Manchu adopted various institutions of the Ming dynasty to facilitate the efficiency of its governance. Apart from political institutions, such adoption also included medical institutions. This dissertation has two goals: Firstly, to uncover the transition and evolution of the Imperial Pharmacy (yuyao fang 御藥房) in the Qing court. Secondly, to reveal the uses of specific drugs by the Emperors in the political arena. 　　Through my detailed research, this dissertation comes to a conclusion that the power and political structure in the Qing Court medicine was formed by the following factors: the influence of political situation upon medical institution, involvement of the Qing Court in searches and supplies of drugs, the way that the Emperors managed the drugs. In this matter, we can also see the involvement of other agents, including ministers, healers, diplomats, Jesuits, drug dealers, different ethnics, foreign languages and medical texts, which had thus helped to create a complex and dynamic structure of the Court medicine in the Qing dynasty. 　　In short, this dissertation shows the complication of the interactive relationship among the human, the items, and the networks of drugs and politics. The Manchu rulers often employed medicine for controlling their ministers and subjects. Therefore, drugs, which had initially been used to heal diseases only, were turned into a tool of power as soon as it was sent into the sphere of Court society.