理蕃與動員：二戰時期高砂義勇隊

高砂義勇隊這個以種族(race)為區分的部隊，在以現代化軍隊角度來說是十分特殊的。現代化軍隊大多先以戰爭環境做軍種區分，在以武器種類、任務執行的性質作為兵科區分。以國家中的「國民」(nation)為單位，將其編制、訓練後組成軍隊，而非以種族為單位，來做為軍隊編制的考量。故本文探討高砂義勇隊為何組成。首先，本文先探討二戰前，台灣總督府的理蕃政策。以霧社事件作為分水嶺，先討論日本統治台灣開始至霧社事件前的理蕃政策，再比較霧社事件後，理蕃政策的轉變，為日後高砂義勇隊奠定了基礎。本文討論完二戰前理蕃政策的轉變後，因應中日戰爭的全面爆發，日本統治者在殖民地台灣開始進行人力軍事動員，但高砂族的人力動員並沒有與台灣大部分漢人一同被徵招。形成戰爭時期國策與理蕃政策間，理蕃政策依然是日本統治者對於高砂族事務的最高指導原則。但是隨著戰局，理蕃警察的徵調問題，使得理蕃政策的維持出現難題，也使得日本統治者開始以第一回高砂義勇隊作為實驗，欲取得一個解決國策與理蕃政策間的平衡點。在第一回高砂義勇隊於菲律賓巴丹島戰役獲得超乎預期的成果後，高砂義勇隊成為常態性徵招的軍事團體。而高砂義勇隊在軍事意義上，除了軍事人力的動員外，還被日本統治者做為軍事宣傳的活廣告。最後，前後共八回高砂義勇隊，被指派到南洋各地，前期從事協助軍事的勞力活動，隨著戰局對於日本不利，後期高砂義勇隊也轉變為戰鬥軍事團體，於南洋的叢林間，從事游擊戰的任務。也因為盟軍進行跳島戰術，台灣由後方漸漸變為前線，在台徵召的個軍事團體，開始以防衛台灣為前提徵召，以勞務性質的高砂義勇隊便漸漸失去徵招的意義，也因此停止高砂義勇隊的軍事動員。

關鍵字

理蕃政策；軍事動員；高砂義勇隊

並列摘要

The Takasago multiary group, which is distinguished by ethnic (race), is very special from the point of view of the modern army. Most of the modern armed forces are distinguished by the war environment, and by the type of weapons and the nature of the operation of the task as the division of arms. Take the "national" (nation) in the country as the unit, and form the army after its establishment and training, instead of taking the race as the unit, as the consideration of the army establishment. Therefore, this paper discusses the composition of the Takasago multiary group. First of all, this paper first discusses the Tibetan policy of the Government House of Taiwan before World War II. Taking the Wushe incident as a watershed, we first discussed the Libo policy from the beginning of Japanese rule in Taiwan to the Wushe incident, and then compared the changes in the Libo policy after the Wushe incident, which laid the foundation for the Takasago multiary group in the future. After discussing the change of the Tibetan policy before World War II, in response to the full outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese rulers began to carry out human military mobilization in the colony of Taiwan, but the manpower mobilization of the Takasago nationality was not recruited together with most of the Han people in Taiwan. Between the national policy and the Tibetan policy during the war, the Tibetan policy is still the highest guiding principle of the Japanese rulers for the affairs of the Takasago nationality. However, with the war situation, the problem of the recruitment of the Libo police made it difficult to maintain the Libo policy, and made the Japanese rulers begin to take the first Takasago multiary group as an experiment, in order to achieve a balance between the national policy and the Libo policy. After the first Takasago multiary group achieved more than expected results in the Batan Island campaign in the Philippines, the Takasago multiary group became a regular military group. In the military sense, the Takasago multiary group was also used as a live advertisement for military propaganda by the Japanese rulers in addition to the mobilization of military manpower. Finally, a total of eight Takasago volunteers were assigned to various parts of Nanyang to assist in military labor activities in the early stage. With the war situation unfavorable to Japan, the Takasago volunteers were also transformed into combat military groups in the jungle of Nanyang to engage in guerrilla warfare. Also because the allies carried out island jumping tactics, Taiwan gradually changed from the rear to the front, and the military groups recruited in Taiwan began to recruit on the premise of defending Taiwan, and the high sand volunteers of a labor nature gradually lost the significance of the recruitment. As a result, the military mobilization of the high sand volunteers was stopped.