白色恐怖時期沒收政治犯財產之研究

財產權為憲法所保障的基本權利之一，以財產上利益為權利標的，核心目標在保障個人的社會經濟生活基礎，免於國家或第三人之侵害。若國家基於公共利益而有限制之必要，亦須遵守法律保留原則及比例原則等憲法之要求。而由於近代憲法對財產權的保障不僅在於財產狀態，更隱含確保個人之人格及尊嚴能夠自由發展的價值，因此，國家縱有再高的公益目的，亦不可完全剝奪個人的財產權，以致其無法於社會生活中立足。在民主政治中尚有此限制，更遑論對於程序正義更不重視的威權統治時期。　　白色恐怖時期威權統治者基於鞏固其政治利益，透過特別刑法建立起一套沒收全部財產制度，將涉犯內亂、外患罪之犯罪行為人的私有財產納入國庫，嚴重侵犯其財產權，甚至連被沒收人之家屬之財產權及生存權亦受到挑戰。　　本文從整套沒收全部財產制度出發，發現從案件的偵查到扣押，乃至審判及執行，都有相應的法律及配套措施，用以系統性地掠奪政治犯的財產。且透過確有執行沒收之個案檢閱，發現政治力無處干預及介入沒收財產刑的過程之中，而使本身因為完全剝奪被沒收人財產而有不義的沒收全部財產制度，在實務運作上出現更大的不正義。　　為了回應過去由政府所創造出的不正義狀態，在民主化後，國家也透過訂立三部平反立法，意圖處理威權統治時期對民眾財產權的侵害。然90年代的立法政策，由於實施威權統治的加害集團仍然存續、國家對威權統治的認定及結構的釐清都不明朗，因此難謂此時有一定程度的填補被侵害的財產權。因此，2022年立法院三讀通過〈威權統治時期國家不法行為被害者權利回復條例〉，意圖處理過去遺留下來的問題，然卻因時間已過去久遠，現在從事的平反，已遠不能滿足於對於損害的填補，而應該進一步使故事能夠被展演及流傳。

關鍵字

沒收財產；白色恐怖；財產權回復；特別刑法；轉型正義

並列摘要

Right of property is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution, to protect the property interests. But the main goal is to protect the social and economic life foundation of individuals from being infringed by the state or a third one. If it is necessary for the state to restrict based on the public interest, It must also comply with constitutional requirements such as the principle of legal reservations and the principle of proportionality. And because the protection of the right of property in the modern constitution, is not only in the state of property, but also values of free development of the personality and dignity of the individual. Therefore, no matter how important the state's public welfare purpose is, it can’t completely deprive individuals of their right of property, so that they cannot gain a foothold in social life. There are still limits to this in democratic politics, let alone periods of authoritarianism. Authoritarian rulers in the White Terror were based on consolidating their political interests, established a system of confiscation of all property through a special criminal law, bringing private property of offenders involved in specific crimes into the state treasury, serious violation of their property rights, even the property rights and survival rights of the family members of the confiscated are challenged. This article focuses on the system of the confiscation of all property, and found that from investigation to seizure, even trial and enforcement of cases, there were corresponding laws and supporting measures, used to systematically loot the property of political victims. Through the cases in which confiscations have actually been executed in this article, find out that politics has nowhere to intervene in the process of confiscation of property, and made the system more injustice