政府採購賄賂防治的立法─自印尼觀點之跨國比較

The legislation regarding anti-bribery in public procurement: An international comparison from Indonesian perspective

希卡蒂(Susanti Dwi Siska)

指導教授 ： 顏玉明

國立政治大學/法學院/法律學系/博士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU201900356

摘要

印尼是一個東南亞地區新興國家之一、外國投資流入蓬勃，但是腐敗感知依然高。這腐敗盛行於政府採購中，使政府支出超出原始發展預算。 國際社會皆同意腐敗是一種跨國犯罪而需被國際和國內措施根除。這些措施包括國際、多邊的約束工具，以及國家法律和準則。另外, 此措施也該注意到法律的執行，尤其當實際案件發生時。顯然的，關於政府採購以及賄賂防治法的有限研究已公佈以遏制腐敗，特別是涉及外國供應商時。
本研究探討的主要問題為：「政府採購法如何遏制印尼腐敗？」。 而目標為：推究印尼針對政府採購的賄賂防治法規，考核印尼對國際協議有關政府採購賄賂防治的承諾，以及分析印尼政府採購法遏制腐敗的效率。
本研究使用演繹方法，允許研究者首先採用邏輯解釋或理論的發展，接著蒐集證據來測試該理論基於初級和次級文獻和數據的使用。初級資料來源為所有有關國際和國內政府採購、腐敗、賄賂、國際公司、等相關法規、報告、和一些法律案件。次級資料來源為書籍，期刊，文章，報紙，報導，和電子文本。研究者亦進行了半結構訪談，而對象為選定的印尼國家官員、國內外廠商的官員，透過訪談探討他們對印尼政府採購的賄賂防治的經驗和看法。
本研究締結印尼目前的賄賂防治及政府採購的規則尚未完全有效地遏制住印尼的腐敗現象，儘管為改善政府採購的制度引進了電子採購。此結論衍生成三個主要研究結果。首先，印尼的政府採購規則和制度已經顯示有更好的改善。其次，儘管印尼是幾個國際承諾的締約國員之一，但目前賄賂防治和政府採購規則未完全符合國際標準。 最後，印尼清廉印象指數仍然低，而政府採購的腐敗案件又持續發生。這一研究建議印尼政府需要改進腐敗防止、政府採購規則，以及履行對所有相關利益相關者（包括外利益相關者）更清晰透明的準則；加強採購機構和人員（包括供應商）的誠信措施；提供有效監控、監督的系統 （包括投訴系統）供公眾參與；為所有利益相關者建立腐敗防治的文化； 加強改革政府採購和腐敗防治的政治意願；以及其他確保實行採購系統符合國際規則、承諾的腐敗防治措施。

關鍵字

賄賂 ； 腐敗 ； 治外法權 ； 外賄賂 ； 國際法律 ； 政府採購 ； 透明度

並列摘要

Indonesia is one of the emerging countries in the South East Asia region that received flourish inflows of foreign investment, yet the corruption perception remains high. The prevalence mostly occurred in public procurement that risks government spending than initially expected for the development. The international community agreed upon corruption as transnational crime and ought to be eradicated by international and domestic measures. The measures range from international and multilateral binding instruments to national laws and guidelines. Furthermore, the attention needs to be put on the enforcement of the laws, especially when the actual cases occurred. Notably, limited research has been published on the regulating public procurement and anti-bribery laws to curb corruption in particular when the foreign supplier is involved.
This dissertation examines the main question of: ‘How public procurement regulation could curb bribery in Indonesia?’. It aims to study what is Indonesia regulation regarding anti-bribery in public procurement; to examine how is Indonesia commitment to international agreement regarding anti-bribery in public procurement; and to analyse the effectiveness of public procurement regulation to curb bribery in Indonesia.
The research methodology is deductive approach, which allows researcher moves first towards the development of logical explanation or theory and next gather evidence to test the theory which is based on the use of primary and secondary literature and data. The primary sources are the all relevant international and domestic regulations concerning public procurement, corruption, bribery, international corporation and other related regulations, reports, and number cases of law. The secondary sources are books, journal, articles, newspaper reports, and electronic texts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to selected Indonesian State Officials and selected officers of foreign firms and Indonesian firms to explore their experiences and perceptions of Indonesia anti-bribery in public procurement.
This research concluded that Indonesia’s current anti-bribery and public procurement regulation are not fully effective to curb corruption in Indonesia although the improvement of public procurement system in such e-procurement. This conclusion derived into three main findings. First, Indonesia has shown a better improvement of public procurement regulation and system. Second, the current anti-bribery and public procurement regulation are not fully complying with the international standard, although Indonesia is a state party member of several international commitments. Third, Indonesia corruption perception index is remained low and the corruption cases in public procurement are still occurred. It is recommended for Government of Indonesia to improve anti-corruption and public procurement regulation and guidelines that perform more clearly and transparent for all relevant stakeholder including foreign stakeholder; to strengthen integrity measures for procurement institutions and personnel including supplier; to provide effective monitoring and supervision system that accessible for public participation including complaints system; to build anti-corruption cultures for all stakeholder; to strengthen political will to reform public procurement and anti-corruption; and other anti-corruption measures that needed to ensure the implementation of procurement system in accordance with regulations and international commitments.

並列關鍵字

Bribery ； Corruption ； Extraterritorial ； Foreign bribery ； International law ； Public procurement ； Transparency

參考文獻

Articles, Books, Dissertations and Theses

Ahmad, F. The Dilemma Of Corruption In Southeast Asia. University of Malaya Press Kuala Lumpur, 2005.

Agustina, R. Perbuatan Melawan Hukum. Indonesia: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2003.

AlHussaini, W. Corruption and the Multi-National Corporation (Thesis). (ISBN: 978-0-494-67339-3), 2010.

Alldridge, J. H. Modern Bribery Law: Comparative Perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.