通勤者之各交通運具空氣污染暴露風險及健康效益評估

The Assessments of Air Pollution Exposure Risks and Health Effects for Commuters in the Various Transportations

嚴紹榮(Sauo-Rong Yen)

指導教授 ： 曾昭衡

國立臺北科技大學/工程學院/環境工程與管理研究所/碩士(2009年)

摘要

本研究針對台北市通勤者使用台北捷運、市區公車、自用小客車、四行程機等四種通勤運具進行暴露風險及健康效益評估，首先分析各通勤運具於通勤尖離峰時段之空氣污染物暴露濃度程度，再以監測所得之數據進行各通勤運具致癌性風險評估，最後利用空氣資源整合效益模型評估通勤者使用各通勤運具之平均壽命及醫療支出增減情形。本研究監測之空氣污染物項目，包括：二氧化碳 (CO2)、一氧化碳 (CO)、二氧化硫 (SO2)、二氧化氮 (NO2)、臭氧 (O3)、總揮發性有機化合物 (TVOC)、粗懸浮微粒 (PM10)、細懸浮微粒 (PM2.5)、甲醛 (HCHO)、溫度 (T)、及相對濕度 (RH)。本研究共計兩條研究路線，分別為台北車站-南港捷運站及台北車站-淡水捷運站。監測日期為2009年1月至3月。
實地監測結果顯示：各通勤運具主要污染物為CO2，除了四行程機車之平均濃度值低於行政院環保署室內空氣品質第二類建議值外，其餘三種運具之濃度值皆高於建議值，又以使用車內循環空調模式之自用小客車濃度值為最高，其範圍為1740 ~ 3200 ppm，其次為NO2及O3，其濃度範圍分為0.1 ~ 1.2 ppm及 < 0.001 ~ 0.207 ppm。四種通勤運具中以機車通勤者受到之致癌危害最高，其終生致癌風險值為4.16×10-5，超出可接受終生致癌風險10-6約42倍，以自用小客車 (內循環)所受到之致癌風險最低，其風險值為2.07×10-6，超出可接受終生致癌風險約2倍。各通勤運具健康效益比較結果顯示，若考慮大氣環境空氣污染物濃度，以使用車內循環空調模式之自用小客車能有效的阻絕外界空氣污染物進入車廂，降低空氣污染物對人體之危害，若不考慮大氣環境空氣污染物濃度，則台北捷運車廂因其空氣污染物濃度普遍較低，且其行駛時間亦為最短，故通勤者所受到之健康危害最低。交通運具轉乘後通勤者平均壽命與醫療成本支出評估結果發現，當汽機車通勤者部份轉乘至捷運後，台北市總人口平均壽命相較於使用原運具增加57,748,592人日，而總醫療成本支出減少635,899仟元/年。

關鍵字

空氣品質 ； 致癌風險 ； 平均壽命 ； 醫療成本支出 ； 相對風險值

並列摘要

This research assesses the air pollution exposure risks and health effects for commuters in four transportations which are MRT, city buses, cars and motorcycles. At first, analyzes the air pollutants exposure concentration monitored in rush hour and general hour, and then uses the monitoring data to assess cancer risk, and evaluates the averaged life and medical expense of commuters by Air Resources Co-Benefits (ARCoB) Model. An extensive survey was conducted to measure the concentration of CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, TVOC, PM10, PM2.5, HCHO, temperature, and relative humidity from January to March 2009. Two routes which are Taipei Main Station to Nangang MRT station and Taipei Main Station to Danshui MRT station selected in this research.
The results indicate that the most serious air pollutant is CO2 for all four transportations besides motorcycles, and the cars which use recirculation mode have the highest CO2 concentration (1740 ~ 3200 ppm), followed by NO2 (0.1~1.2 ppm) and O3 (<0.001 ~ 0.207 ppm). The motorcycle commuters have the highest cancer risk value which is 4.16×10-5, exceed 42 times of the acceptable cancer risk value 10-6, and the car (recirculation mode) commuters have lowest cancer risk value 2.07×10-6, exceed 2 times of the acceptable cancer risk value 10-6. The comparisons of health effects for all four transportations indicate that the cars (recirculation mode) could isolate the air pollutants from outdoor environment, reduce the hazard of air pollutants with considering outdoor air pollutant concentration. The concentration of air pollutants is the lowest in the MRT compartments and the MRT have the shortest driving time, so the hazard of air pollutants is the lowest. Finally, the assessments of averaged life and medical expense when commuters use MRT as transportation instead of cars and motorcycles indicate that the life expectancy of Taipei resident can be increased by 57,748,592 days totally, and 635,899 thousand dollars of medical expenditure in each year can be reduced.

並列關鍵字

Air Quality ； Cancer Risk ； Life Expectancy ； Medical Expense ； Relative Risk

參考文獻

ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 1999.

ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2004.

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黃正義、陳王琨，空氣污染防制學，台北，淑馨出版社，1997。

劉佳鑫、曾昭衡，應用遺傳規劃法於空氣污染物涵容能力之分析，碩士論文，國立台北科技大學環境規劃與管理研究所，台北，2007。