綠色物料風險評估架構之研究－以電子產業為例

Study on Risk Assessment Framework for Green Components: A Case Study of Electronic Industry

吳唯丞(Wei-Cheng Wu)

指導教授 ： 胡憲倫

國立臺北科技大學/工程學院/環境規劃與管理研究所/碩士(2007年)

摘要

現今綠色供應鏈管理實務中，主要以歐盟RoHS、WEEE 指令對國內電機電子產業的衝擊與影響最大，因此企業應如何進行環境風險管理，以因應相關環保指令所造成的風險暴露與影響，應是目前綠色供應鏈管理上最重要的一環。
目前由於國內大多為OEM/ODM的代工製造商，這些企業在因應綠色議題管理的改革上，最困難的部份在於供應鏈之資訊追蹤與分享的問題，若廠商所提供的各項原物料及零組件的製造資訊，無法有效且透明的傳遞給供應商，其後果可能是公司得付出巨額的賠償金或罰金及商譽損失，因此物料所產生的風險，絕對不能等閒視之。然而，若能藉由合適的物料風險評估方式，除了可以提升進料檢驗作業之效率與縮短人工時間之外，更可以確保採購之物料符合環保規範及要求，並降低物料進料上之風險與衝擊。
而為了選擇適當的風險評估決策因子，本研究藉由失效模式與效應分析(FMEA)之風險評估概念，來建構物料風險之評估架構及準則，其中發生率(O)乃透過物料檢測報告來評估；難檢度(D)是以檢測之難易度來表示；嚴重度(S)則是以供應商承諾書與專案引用次數來呈現，而為了考量此四個風險評估決策因子之重要性與客觀性，本研究結合模糊分析層級程序法(FAHP)來計算風險評估決策因子之權重，並以國內某系統組裝製造商之進料檢驗階段的實際運作情況為基礎，進行物料風險評估之實證研究分析。
由於個案C公司目前並無明確之物料抽驗篩選方法及依據，因此個案公司提供本研究之1,117筆物料/零件數據資料中，經EDXRF檢驗超出警戒值者僅只達4.03%之比例，但若先透過本研究之物料風險評估模式分析篩選後，高風險之物料/零件之不合格率皆超過20%，顯示本研究物料風險評估模式，確實可協助系統組裝廠商之進料品質檢驗(IQC)部門提升其抽驗效率，並強化國內企業因應環保指令規範下的物料風險管控能力。

關鍵字

綠色供應鏈管理 ； 物料風險 ； 失效模式與效應分析(FMEA) ； 模糊分析層級程序法(FAHP)

並列摘要

With increased environmental concerns during last decades, awareness of enterprises has pervaded that issues of environmental pollution accompanying industrial development should be addressed together with supply chain management. This implies that environmental initiatives are well beyond the perimeters of firms and environmental impact must be tackled across the full range of supply chain. Environmental risks associated with the inbound supply chain are found to be complicated because the risks not only rise from traditional view of supply chain but also include environmental impact of supply chain, especially after EU passes several environmental related directives, such as WEEE, RoHS and EuP. In order to maintain the competitive advantage, a company must mitigate environmental risks in the early stage of its supply chain management.

Environmental risks within a supply chain management usually can be categorized into two aspects, risk of suppliers and components. The risk of suppliers that derive mainly from procurement, warehouse, process, and testing procedures and enterprises usually implement the selection and evaluation for suppliers as an approach to mitigate risks. However, this procedure can not ensure all the environmental risks be prevented. Furthermore, it is impossible for incoming quality control (IQC) unit to check hundreds and thousands of parts and components one by one. This implies that huge risks may be associated with parts and components which provided by the OEM/ODM manufacturers, and to develop a risk assessment framework for parts and components is essential.

In this study, the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), a risk assessment tool, and is often used by industry for detecting potential defects of product design and process planning was utilized to analyze and assess risks of parts and components regarding RoHS directives in the incoming quality control (IQC) stage. The framework for risk evaluation consists of four risk factors, the occurrence (O) refers to the testing report, the likelihood of being detected (D) refers to the likelihood of parts being detected, and severity (S) refers to the declaration statement, the cite frequency for project. By assigning scores 1 to 10 with respect to the severity of S, O, and D and multiplying the S, O, and D, a Green Component-Risk Priority Number (GC-RPN) can be obtained and the severity of the risks of each part or component can be determined. The GC-RPN value can be used to prioritize which components have high risk and enhance the inspection for IQC. Furthermore, this method also can mitigate the risk in the early stage of GSCM and assist procurement personnel to judge on the decision-making of components.

並列關鍵字

Green supply chain management ； Components risk ； Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) ； Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP)

參考文獻

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