探討美耐皿餐具中釋出三聚氰胺在人體的分布-小規模前驅性研究

The Distribution of Melamine Migrated from Melamine-made Tableware in Human- A Pilot Study

蔡孟恬(Meng-Tian Tsai)

指導教授 ： 林增記

高雄醫學大學/健康科學院/職業安全衛生研究所/碩士(2012年)

摘要

2008年因不肖業者在奶粉中違法添加三聚氰胺，導致嬰幼兒腎臟結石，引發全世界各國關注。目前三聚氰胺在人體的代謝途徑還不甚清楚，最新研究證實當美耐皿餐具遇熱會釋出三聚氰胺，且釋出的量與溫度和接觸面積成正比。因此，本研究想藉由受試者食用由美耐皿餐具所盛裝的速食麵來看暴露三聚氰胺前後在人體的尿液與血液代謝濃度之變化。結果發現在空腹時尿液中三聚氰胺濃度最低平均濃度為0.73μg/mmol Creatinine，而使用美耐皿餐具後尿液濃度逐漸上升，到第六個小時候濃度達到最高(9.37μg/mmol Creatinine)，在第十二個小時泡尿液中平均濃度為(2.54μg/mmol Creatinine)。而在第二階段交叉型試驗中同樣發現空腹時受試者尿液中三聚氰胺濃度最低平均為1.71μg/mmol Creatinine，同樣也在使用完美耐皿餐具後尿液中三聚氰胺濃度開始上升，在第六個小時尿液中三聚氰胺濃度達到最高平均為6.95μg/mmol Creatinine，直到第十二小時平均濃度為3.67μg/mmol Creatinine。在另一方面，相同受試者在使用陶瓷餐具試驗前或後尿液中三聚氰胺的濃度沒有明顯升高的情形，在空腹時平均為1.44 μg/mmol Creatinine，在使用完後2-12小時尿液中三聚氰胺平均濃度皆在1.00 μg/mmol Creatinine左右。且發現同一位受試者使用美耐皿餐具尿液中三聚氰胺總量皆高於使用陶瓷餐具，將兩次尿液中三聚氰胺總量相減後以pair-t檢定發現有統計上顯著意義(p=0.0005)，故本研究結果發現使用美耐皿餐具確實會增加尿液中三聚氰胺總量。從尿液中總量來推算三聚氰胺在人體尿液中半衰期約為六小時。現今外食人口相當眾多，而美耐皿餐具又普遍被一般餐飲業者使用，即外食族群每天都有機會暴露到三聚氰胺，而在最近也有研究證實尿酸或鈣結石病人尿液中三聚氰胺濃度比健康族群高，推測是否與生活習慣中長期暴露三聚氰胺有關，若長時間暴露三聚氰胺難保不會對身體造成不可逆的影響，所以唯有慎選安全的餐具來盛裝食物才能食得安心。

關鍵字

三聚氰胺 ； 美耐皿餐具 ； 液相層析串聯質譜儀 ； 交叉試驗

並列摘要

The outbreak of melamine-tainted formula milk has raised concern on melamine toxicity of adverse renal outcomes in children. Melamine in the human body's metabolic pathways and mechanisms remain to be elusive. Recently, our study found that melamine migration can be detectable from daily-use melamine-made tableware, particularly in the high temperature.
In this experiment, each healthy subject will be asked to consume one bowl (melamine-made tableware) of hot noodle soup and collected each one spot urine sample before and after the consumption until 12hr later to investigate the temporal changes of urinary melamine level. The results showed that mean urinary melamine concentrations corrected by urinary creatintine sharply increases in the beginning (0.73μg/mmol Creatinine), reaches the highest plateau around 4-6hr(9.37μg/mmol Creatinine), and sharply declines till 12hrs after the consumption(2.54μg/mmol Creatinine).
The second study was designed as a crossover study. The same result that urinary melamine concentration before hot noodle soup consumption was 1.71μg/mmol Creatinine increasing linearly after consumed the hot soup 6 hours later and reaching the highest concentrations as 6.95μg/mmol creatinine, and then plateaued for the remainder of the study (3.67μg/mmol Creatinine after consumed the hot soup 12 hours later urine).
On the other hand, mean urinary melamine concentrations in the same subjects using ceramics-made tableware didn’t change dramatically.
The total melamine excretion in the group of melamine-made tableware was higher than in the group of ceramics-made tableware, which were significantly different (p=0.0005). Recently, there were studies indicated that even low-dose melamine exposure can play an important role in calcium urolithiasis in adults. Since melamine-made tableware is still commonly used in our daily life, how to choice safety tableware is very important.

並列關鍵字

melamine ； melamine-made tableware ； LC-MS/MS ； crossover study

參考文獻

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